Injection, chromatography

With the advent of the practical API-based LC-MS interfaces, the high specificity of mass spectral analysis permitted a radical decrease in the amount of analytical time invested (sample preparation, injection, chromatography) prior to final detection (Hsieh et al., 2006 Maurer, 2007). Although SRM detection as the final step in LC-MS analysis can incorporate several stages of specificity (Chapter 3), some form of sample preparation/extraction is still performed to remove unwanted... 

P. Chocholous, P. Solich, D. Satinsky, An overview of sequential injection chromatography, Anal. Chim. Acta 600 (2007) 129. 

Mini-columns for analyte separation/concentration can also behave as reactors, resembling the packed bed reactor. In this context, organic polymer monoliths, largely used in the medical and biological fields [73], should be highlighted. Monolithic mini-columns consist of continuous beds with macropores and mesopores which are characterised by low back-pressure effects. These columns offer several other advantages [74], as emphasised in Chapter 8. In the context of flow analysis, monolithic mini-columns were implemented in a sequential injection analyser in 2003 [75] and the potential and limitations of the approach, called Sequential Injection Chromatography, were recently reviewed [76]. 

Acyclovir Pharmaceutical formulations UV-Vis 4.8 to 17.3 50-1200 mg L 1 Sequential injection chromatography with monolithic column/zone splitting [114]... 

C.K. Zacharis, A. Verdoukas, P.D. Tzanavaras, D.G. Themelis, Automated sample preparation coupled to sequential injection chromatography On-line filtration and dilution protocols prior to separation, J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 49 (2009) 726. 

In some instances, the flow manifold is designed for sample preparation prior to, e.g., HPLC or gas chromatography. Protocols for in-line sample filtration and dilution in sequential injection chromatography are presented elsewhere [315]. 

Automated radioanalytical chemistry can provide near real time monitoring of reprocessing plant operations (O Hara et al. 2009). A sequential injection chromatography system for the separation and analysis of Am, Pu, and Np isotopes is integrated in a modular system that automates the complete sample analysis process, from initial sample preparation to final data reporting. 

However, since HPLC equipment is expensive, a search for more affordable alternatives was fostered, such as sequential injection chromatography (SIC) and multisyringe chromatography (MSC), both performed with a monolithic column, which have proved to be effective alternatives to HPLC. 

P. Chocholous, D. Satinsky, R. Sladkovsky, M. Pospisilova, P. Solich, Determination of pesticides fenoxycarb and permethrin by sequential injection chromatography using miniaturized monolithic column, Talanta 77 (2008) 566-570. 

E. Bjorklund, R Maya, S.A. Bak, M. Hansen, J.M. Estela, V. Cerda, Possibilities and limitations of the sequential injection chromatography technique for the determination of anticoccidial agents in water, pharmaceutical formulations and feed, Microchem. J. 98 (2011) 190—199. 

Among the variations of the SIA system, sequential injection chromatography (SIC) is the most recent technique and it has been proposed by Huclova et at. [46]. These authors describe the use of a porous monolithic column of silica as the stationary phase coupled to SIA for the separation and quantification of salicylic acid and methyl salicylate in pharmaceutical products. 

Compounds are run at a cone, of 1 mg/ml in ethyl acetate. Samples of I fil are injected Chromatography... 

Chocholous, P., L. Kosarova, D. Satinsky et al. 2011. Enhance capabilities of separation in sequential injection chromatography—Fused-core particle column and its comparison with narrow-bore monolithic column. Talanta 85 1129-1134. 

Hartwell, S. K., A. Kehling, S. Lapanantnoppakhun et al. 2013. Flow injection/sequen-tial injection chromatography A review of recent developments in low pressure with high performance chemical separation. Anal. Lett. 46 1640-1671. 

The development of bead injection analysis (BIA), a variant of SIA, allowed the manipulation of surface-modified beads for chemical assays involving chemical processes in the heterogeneous phase (Ruzicka et al., 1993). The lab-on-valve (LOV) concept provided a further impetus toward miniaturization in flow analysis, minimization of reagent consumption, and scope for more sophisticated sample handling (Ruzicka, 2000). Finally, the introduction of sequential injection chromatography (SIC) made possible the direct hyphenation of flow manifolds with separation columns, enabling multiparametric assays, which have always been a challenge in flow-based analysis (Satinsky et al., 2003). 

Idris, A. M. 2014. The second five years of sequential injection chromatography Significant developments in the technology and methodologies (review). Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem. 44 220-232. 

Jangbai, W., W. Wongwilai, K. Grudpan, and S. Lapanantnoppakhun. 2012. Sequential injection chromatography as alternative procedure for the determination of some food preservatives. Food Anal. Methods 5 631-636. 

Batista, A. D., C. F. Nascimento, W. R. Melchert, and F. R. P. Rocha. 2014. Expanding the separation capability of sequential injection chromatography Determination of melamine in milk exploiting micellar medium and on-line sample preparation. Microchem. J. 117 106-110. 

Abbreviations DAD, diode array detector FIC, flow injection chromatography FIA-SPE-MEKC, flow injection analysis-solid phase extraction-micellar electro kinetic chromatography HPLC-FI-CH, high performance liquid chromatography-flow injection-chemiluminescence FI-CH, flow injection-chemiluminescence detection FIPCE, high performance capillary electrophoresis LOD, limit of detection LOQ, limit of quantitation SIC, sequential injection chromatography. 

Sequential injection chromatography involves the coupling of sequential injection analysis and liquid chromatography. It capitalizes on the good separating power of liquid... 

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