Flow injection analysis, solid

M.F. El-Shahat, N. Burham, S.M.A. Azeem, Flow injection analysis-solid phase extraction (FIA-SPE) method for preconcentration and determination of trace amounts of penicillins using methylene blue grafted polyurethane foam, J. Hazard. 

Abbreviations DAD, diode array detector FIC, flow injection chromatography FIA-SPE-MEKC, flow injection analysis-solid phase extraction-micellar electro kinetic chromatography HPLC-FI-CH, high performance liquid chromatography-flow injection-chemiluminescence FI-CH, flow injection-chemiluminescence detection FIPCE, high performance capillary electrophoresis LOD, limit of detection LOQ, limit of quantitation SIC, sequential injection chromatography. 

Han, E, Y. He, and C. Yu. 2008. On-line pretreatment and determination of parabens in cosmetic products by combination of flow injection analysis, solid phase extraction and micellar electrokinetic chroatography. Talanta 74 1371-1377. 

Sulphate In Waters, Effluents and Solids (2nd Edition) [including Sulphate in Waters, Effluents and Some Solids by Barium Sulphate Gravimetry, Sulphate In waters and effluents by direct Barium Titrimetry, Sulphate in waters by Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission Spectrometry, Sulphate in waters and effluents by a Continuous Flow Indirect Spectrophotometric Method Using 2-Aminoperimidine, Sulphate in waters by Flow Injection Analysis Using a Turbidimetric Method, Sulphate In waters by Ion Chromatography, Sulphate in waters by Air-Segmented Continuous Flow Colorimetry using Methylthymol Blue], 1988... 

The structural integrity of M2D-C3-0-(E0)ra-CH3 was maintained for all solid media investigated, as confirmed by qualitative analysis of the flow injection analysis (FIA) API-MS spectra (example shown in Fig. 2.8.10a). Intercalation of the surfactant solution between the clay layers was considered as the likely cause of the reduced recovery on montmorillonite (74%), according to experimental observations and... 

Solid-state sensors for anionic surfactants can be constructed by using polyaniline as sensing membrane [107,108], and by using polypyrrole as ion-to-electron transducer in combination with plasticized PYC as sensing membranes [53,66]. The sensors may be applied for the determination of dodecylsulfate in, e.g., mouth-washing solution and tap water [107], and for the determination of dodecylbenzenesulfonate in detergents [66,108]. Solid-state surfactant sensors allow a sample rate of 30 samples/h, when applied in flow-injection analysis [53]. 

Van Staden [4,5] employed flow injection analysis coupled with a coated tubular solid-state bromide-selective electrode for the determination of bromide in soils. Soil-extracted samples are injected into 10 mol/1 potassium nitrate carrier solution containing 1000 mg/1 chloride as an ionic strength adjustment buffer. The sample buffer zone formed is transported through the bromide selective electrode onto the reference electrode. The method is applicable in the range 10-50 000 mg/1 bromide. The coefficient of variation of this method is better than 1.6%. 

A variety of methods has been applied to the separation of bound and free Ag. These include precipitation, solid phase attachment, capillary electrophoresis, chromatography, andmicrofiltration. Originally, precipitation and solid-phase extraction were the most common types of separations techniques. However the ease of automation of capillary electrophoresis and flow-injection analysis (chromatography) makes these two techniques very interesting. 

To alleviate these drawbacks, alternative methodologies relying on the continuous provision of fresh extractant volumes to the solid sample under mvestigation have been developed, characterized, and contrasted with the classical end-over-end extraction procedures. The fundamental principles of these novel, dynamic (nonequilibrium) strategies, based primarily on the use of continuous-flow analysis (Ruzicka and Hansen, 1988), flow injection analysis (Ruzicka and Hansen, 1988 Trojanowicz, 2000 Miro and Frenzel, 2004b), or sequential injection analysis (Ruzicka and Marshall, 1990 Lenehan et al., 2002), are described in detail below, and their advantageous features and limitations for fractionation explorations are discussed critically. 

A short discussion of new high-throughput applications of methodologies for solid dosage forms is presented in Chapter 6. Examples include fiber-optic dissolution technology, flow injection analysis, NIR analysis, and robotics. These techniques provide data with less analyst involvement and allow a more thorough batch quality assessment. 

Liu, W. Z. and Zuo, A. L. Construction and application of all-solid-state aconitine electrochemical detector in flow injection analysis. Yaoxue Xuebao 27(4) 294-298, 1992. 

S.M. Ramasamy, M.S.A. Jabbar, H.A. Motolla, Flow injection analysis based on two consecutive reactions at a gas-solid interface for determination of bromine and chlorine, Anal. Chem. 52 (1980) 2062. 

M. Hulsman, M. Bos, W.E. van der Linden, Dispersion behaviour of solid particles in flow injection analysis, Anal. Chim. Acta 346 (1997) 351. 

The determination of zinc in plants involving solid-phase extraction was the first application of this strategy to real samples in flow injection analysis [98]. The pronounced Schlieren noise arising from the insertion of the ion-exchange resin mini-column into the eluent carrier stream was successfully minimised by DWS. 

F.S. Oliveira, M. Korn, Employment of a single standard solution for analytical curves in flow injection analysis system coupled to solid phase spectrophotometry, Quim. Nova 26 (2003) 470. 

J. Buanuama, M. Miro, E.H. Hansen, J. Shiowatana, On-line dynamic fractionation and automatic determination of inorganic phosphorus in environmental solid substrates exploiting sequential injection microcolumn extraction and flow injection analysis, Anal. Chim. Acta 570 (2006) 224. 

L.F. Capitan-Vallvey, M.C. Valencia, E. Arana-Nicolas, Flow injection analysis with on-line solid phase extraction for spectrophotometric determination of Ponceau 4R and its subsidiary unsulfonated dye in sweets and cosmetic products, Mikrochim. 

M.D. Luque de Castro, M.T. Tena, Solid interfaces as analytical problem solvers in flow injection analysis, Talanta 40 (1993) 21. 

M. Noroozifar, M. Khorasani-Motlagh, The application of the solid-phase Jones reagent as a reductant in the speciation flow injection analysis of Fe(III) and Fe(II) in real samples, Chem. Anal., (Warsaw) 49 (2004) 929. 

P. van Loot, C. Branger, A. Margaillan, C. Brach-Papa, J.L. Boudenne, B. Coulomb, Online solid-phase extraction and multisyringe flow injection analysis of Al(III) and Fe(III) in drinking water, Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 389 (2007) 1595. 

E. Castillo, J.L. Cortina, J.L. Beltran, M.D. Prat, M. Granados, Simultaneous determination of Cd(II), Cu(II) and Pb(II) in surface waters by solid phase extraction and flow injection analysis with spectrophotometric detection, Analyst 126 (2001) 1149. 

Y. Liang, D.X. Yuan, Q.L. Li, Q.M. Lin, Flow injection analysis of ultratrace orthophosphate in seawater with solid-phase enrichment and luminol chemiluminescence detection, Anal. Chim. Acta 571 (2006) 184. 

T. Perez-Ruiz, C. Martinez-Lozano, M.D. Garcia, Determination of propoxur in environmental samples by automated solid-phase extraction followed by flow-injection analysis with tris(2,2 -bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) chemiluminescence detection, Anal. Chim. Acta 584 (2007) 275. 

True process analytics are based on automated systems. Automated instruments must be smaller, more rapid and robust than laboratory instruments and designed for unattended operation. Those most commonly used are based on spectroscopic, separation and electrochemical analytical techniques. Many of these are incorporated into or combined with flow injection analysis (FIA) systems in order to work well. Not all analytical methods lend themselves to automation. Analyses involving gases and liquids are most successfully automated while those using solid samples are most difficult to automate. And there will always be certain assays that are too complex or too costly to automate. 

H. W. van Rooijen and H. Poppe, An Electrochemical Reactivation Method for Solid Electrodes Used in Electrochemical Detectors for High-Performance Liquid Chromatography and Flow Injection Analysis. Anal. Chim. Acta, 130 (1981) 9. 

Z. Gao and M. Lu, Flow Injection Analysis by Ion-Selective Electrodes. Use of a Solid Membrane Chloride Ion-Selective Electrode for Determination of Chloride in Soil-Water Extracts [in Chinese]. Huanjing Kexue, 2 (1981) 376. 

J. F. van Staden, Automated Prevalve Sample Filtration in Flow Injection Analysis. Determination of Sulphate in Water Removing Suspended Solids and Colour Before Sampling. Fresenius Z. Anal. Chem., 312 (1982) 438. 

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