Continuous beds

Particles settle out near the feed point and form a continuous bed on the bottom of the pipe. The bed develops gradually throughout the length of the pipe and moves slowly forward. There is a velocity gradient in the vertical direction in the bed, and conveying continues in suspended form above the bed. 

Garke, G., Radtschenko, I., and Anspach, F. B., Continuous-bed chromatography for the analysis and purification of recombinant human fibroblast growth factor, /. Chromatogr. A, 857, 137, 1999. 

Ericson, C., Liao, J.-L., Nakazato, K., and Hjerten, S., Preparation of continuous beds for electrochromatography and reversed-phase liquid chromatography of low-molecular-mass compounds, /. Chromatogr. A, 7GJ, 33, 1997. 

Ericson, C., Holm, J., Ericson, T., and Hjerten, S., Electroosmosis- and pressure-driven chromatography in chips using continuous beds, Anal. Chem. 72, 81,... 

The first approach to monolithic columns formed from beads can be assigned to Knox and Grant [15] who prepared a particle-embedded continuous-bed CEC column. They packed beads into a Pyrex glass tube of 1 - 2 mm i.d. and then drew the packed column to create a capillary. The particles were partly incorporated in the glass wall and the column was stable unless the column-to-particle diameter exceeded a value of 10. The success of this procedure was very sensitive to the presence of water in the original packing material. 

Another group working on silica monoliths is the one of A. and M. Kuehn [41]. Their Continuous-Bed-Silica (CB-Silica) is a highly porous monolith having meso- and micropores. The structure of the CB-Silica is very porous and con-... 

CEC is generally performed in one of three types of columns, namely open-tubular (coated columns), packed columns, or continuous-bed (monolithic) columns. ... 

A continuous-bed or monolith is a capillary containing a wall-supported porous continuous bed that is formed in situ. These columns have been developed for CEC use in recent years.The surface chemistry can be functionalized to convert it into a phase with the desired chromatographic properties. Monolithic columns are stable and have shown great potential for CEC due to the absence of a requirement for retaining frits, thereby eliminating the drawbacks in OT-CEC and packed columns. 

Hindocha, D., and Smith, N. W. (2002). The analysis of basic pharmaceutical compounds by capillary electrochromatography using continuous bed stationary phase. Chromatographia 55, 203-209. 

Moving bed systems exist where movement is exerted to the fuel-bed system, by means of conversion technology or gravity, which is of greatest relevance in commercial applications. The innovation of moving grates was a natural consequence of the search for improvements and larger scale production with continuous bed combustion processes [45]. 

Jarmalaviciene, R. Komysova, O. Westerlund, D. Maruska, A. Nonparticulate (continuous bed or monolithic) restricted-access reversed-phase media for sample clean-up and... 

Autoclaves provide reactors which can be used readily to acquire data from coal liquefaction studies but are less representative of likely commercial plant tyi reactors than small scale continuous bed-type reactors. Ideally comparisons between reactors are best made by carrying out experiments in various designs of reactors under similar reaction conditions, but, in order to cover the full range of designs adequately, a larger expenditure on equipment (beyond the budgets of most laboratories) would be necessary. However, steps can be taken to cover the... 

Fig. 4 Elution profiles for (A) propranolol (a), promethazine (b), and chlorprom-azine (c) applied separately on a 5-mm ILC column containing cytoskeleton-depleted red blood cell membrane vesicles entrapped in dextran-grafted agarose gel beads (1.4 /amol phospholipid, 0.5 mL/min) and (B), from left to right, acetylsalicylic acid, salicylic acid, warfarin, and pindolol on a capillary continuous bed containing liposomes immobilized by use of C4 ligands (1.0 /xmol phospholipid, 10 /xl./min). The elution volumes in the absence of lipid are shown (a0, b0, and c0, and the arrow, respectively). (Part A is reprinted with permission, with slight modification, from Ref. 26. Copyright 1999 Elsevier Science. Part B is reprinted with permission from Ref. 23. Copyright 1996 Elsevier Science.)...

Y Zhang, C-M Zeng, Y-M Li, S Hjerten, P Lundahl. Immobilized liposome chromatography of drugs on capillary continuous beds for model analysis of drug-membrane interactions. J Chromatogr A 749 13—18, 1996. 

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