Initiative cost reduction

R1 - Regulatory Requirement for the Waste R2 - Reduction of Troafment/Disposal Costs R3 - Other Process Cost Reduction R4 - Self-Initiated Review... 

The confluence of sharply rising Operations and Maintenance (O M) costs. NRC requested Individual Plant Examinations (IPEs) and increased personal computer capabilities gave rise to the R R Workstation. Its uses and maintains-current PSA models and databases for individual plants to perform O M planning and scheduling, and uses the PSA in IPE models to identify plant design, procedure and operational vulnerabilities. The Risk and Reliability Workstation Alliance was organized by EPRI to support the R R Workshop in order to achieve O M cost reduction, plant productivity and safety enhancement through risk-based, user-friendly, windowed software louls (Table 3.6 8). The Alliance, initiated in 1992, includes 25 U.S. utilities and four international partners from Spain, France, Korea, and Mexico. SAIC is the prime contractor for the R R Workstation, with participation of five other PSA vendors. 

The price of products included in the RP system tends to diminish Most countries register initial price reductions. In Sweden the price of products affected by RP dropped to the level of RP, with very few exceptions. In Germany too, most companies have opted to bring down their prices to RP. The first year was marked by an immediate reduction in prices of 13 per cent, and subsequent years showed reductions ranging from 2 per cent to 10 per cent. Giuliani et al.21 have observed that the price per defined daily dose (DDD) fell in Germany after the adoption of the RP system, but that this reduction in unit cost was compensated by a rise in expenditure on those products not covered by RP. 

Synthetic carbonaceous materials are widely used in these applications. Several types of synthetic materials (e.g. graphitized mesophase carbon microbeads (MCMB), graphitized milled carbon fiber, and even, initially, hard carbons) became the materials of choice at the time of commercialization of first successful lithium-ion batteries in late 1980s. New trends, mainly driven by cost reduction and need for improved performance, currently shift focus towards application of natural graphite. 

Transporting gaseous hydrogen via a new pipeline requires high initial capital investment cost however, only a small fraction of the total cost of the pipeline infrastructure. Comprehensive R D efforts are needed and are being conducted for cost reduction,... 

It is quite clear that in the near future extraction of non-ionic surfactants from solid matrices will be based on SFE, PLE and sonication methods. The initial costs for SFE/PLE equipment will be earned back quickly by the reduction of man-hours and solvent consumption per sample. For sonication methods, not even this financial barrier is present. More emphasis must be laid on quality assurance of the extraction, clean-up and detection methodologies. The recently available 13C-labeled standards will help to account for matrix... 

Various patents on the homopolymerization of BD in the presence of styrene are available [581-590]. According to these patents, St is used as a solvent in which BD is selectively polymerized by the application of NdV/DIBAH/EASC. At the end of the polymerization a solution of BR in St is obtained. In subsequent reaction steps the unreacted styrene monomer is either polymerized radically, or acrylonitrile is added prior to radical initiation. During the subsequent radical polymerization styrene or styrene/acrylonitrile, respectively, are polymerized and ris-l,4-BR is grafted and partially crosslinked. In this way BR modified (or impact modified) thermoplast blends are obtained. In these blends BR particles are dispersed either in poly(styrene) (yielding HIPS = high impact poly(styrene) or in styrene-acrylonitrile-copolymers (yielding ABS = acrylonitrile/butadiene/ styrene-terpolymers). In comparison with the classical bulk processes for HIPS and ABS, this new technology allows for considerable cost reductions... 

R1 Regulatory Requirement for the Waste R2 Reduction of Treatment/Disposal Costs R3 Other Process Cost Reduction R4 Self-Initiated Review R5 Other (e.g., discontinuation of product, occupational safety). 

Samples are presented for analysis as solids, liquids, or gases, at high or low temperatures, or they may be transformed from one phase to another during the analysis. Some samples require extensive pretreatment to concentrate the analyte or to remove interfering materials. The time required for pretreatment is usually much greater than that needed for the analytical measurement, and hence, if an expensive instrument offers greater specificity than its rivals, the reduction in pretreatment costs may more than compensate for the higher initial cost. 

Employing this Initial unit cost as a base value of manufacturing cost the value of percent cost reduction for given values of percent production Increase can be determined. These are shown In "Table VII". 

The annual operation costs of an outdated environmental control device is 75,000. Under a proposed emission reduction plan, the installation of a new processing system will require an initial cost of 150,000 and an annual operating cost of 15,000 for the first 5 years. Determine the annualized cost for the new processing system by assuming the system has only 5 years (n) operational life. The interest rate (0 is 7%. The capital recovery factor (CRF) or annual payment of a capital investment can be calculated as follows ... 

DSM, working initially with DuPont and then later with Shell, have developed a process using butadiene and carbon monoxide feedstocks to make caprolactam without ammonium sulfate production in the mid-1990s. Called Altam, the process employs four steps - carbonylation, hydroformylation, reductive amination and cyclization. DSM claims cost reductions of 25-30%, simplified plant operations and lower energy consumption, but the process never reached commercial scale. 

Whitestone did evaluate many alternatives prior to choosing RO. They decided to use RO because the initial cost was low, maintenance requirements were low and operator attention was minimal compared to the alternatives. Whitestone also calculated that the operating costs, both in manpower needs and in actual chemicals and membrane replacement, was less than other alternatives. Since the RO system would be operating on biologically active materials it was decided that cleaning every 8 hours would be appropriate. Therefore, an automatic Clean-In-Place (CIP) system was developed and installed with the RO unit. There is typically a 1 01 reduction in permeate rate due to fouling prior to the time that Whitestone cleans the RO unit. 

In all Ni-Zn batteries, various techniques aiming at the reduction of the inactive Ni content (e.g., 60% in sintered electrodes) have been proposed. The limited reserves of the metal and the sensitivity of the battery s initial cost to nickel price would require an extremely efficient (—85%) metal recovery program. 

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