Biologically active materials

Hydrazine and its derivatives find considerable use in the synthesis of biologically active materials, dyestuff intermediates and other organic derivatives. Reactions of aldehydes to form hydrazides (RCH=NNH2) and azines (RCH=NN=CHR) are well known in organic chemistry, as is the use of hydrazine and its derivatives in the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds. 

Baker, R., Controlled Release of Biologically Active Materials, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1987. 

Indication of a sex attractant has also been obtained for the noctuid pupal parasitoid Diapetimorpha introita (Ichneumonidae). Antennae from D. introita males gave EAG responses to diethyl ether extracts of female head, thorax or abdomen. Antennae from females did not respond to this chemical signal and male extracts elicited no activity. This suggested the presence of an extractable female-produced pheromone, to which the males respond. While live females were able to attract males, extracts were not active. This may be due to very low levels of biologically active material in the extracts [57]. 

The differences in Table II are intended as broad generalities and readers can easily come up with exceptions or questions about what is meant by a biologically active material. For example, is the action of a drug delivery device always local or is a nanoparticle large and a DNA drug small. Thus these characteristics must be interpreted and ringed with qualifiers to be strictly correct. 

Recombinant proteins with unique properties can potentially generate new markets and penetrate into existing markets if they can be supplied on a large scale. An ideal system would produce the safest biologically active material at the lowest cost, and would be used in combination with an inexpensive and simple purification process. So far, there have been several examples of the high-yield production of recombinant proteins in transgenic crop plants, mainly in the area of molecular medicines such as antibodies, enzymes and vaccines [45, 48-50]. Modern agricultural practices offer... 

Qualitative and quantitative characterization of biologically active materials especially useful for clinical and forensic work where small amounts of complex samples may be involved. Nanogram to 3 femtogram scale separations by capillary electrophoresis. 

Immunoassay Methods. Radioimmunoassay (RIA) allows measurement of biologically active materials which are not detectable by traditional cold chemistry techniques. RIAs can be used to measure molecules that cannot be radiolabeled to detectable levels in vivo. They also are used for molecules unable to fix complement when bound to antibodies, or they can be used to identify cross-reacting antigens that compete and bind with the antibody. 

PV A film/ Sodium tetraborate/ Proteolytic enzyme Protease C (Pr)+ polyhexamethyleneguanidine hydrochloride [PHMG], as antimicrobial (AM) -biological active material -increases the AM desorption rateby 1.5-4.5 times For PHMG with M, 10000, total desorption of AM from the film could be obtained 236... 

While the efficacy of these new, biologically active materials has been attributed (28,29) primarily to the presence of the fluoroalkoxy group, it is important to note that the need for more efficient syntheses of these and related materials still exists. For example, the syntheses of both the above materials involve multi-step, moderate yield processes in which the fluoroalkoxy group is introduced in the initial step of the sequence via reaction of a nucleophilic phenolate derivative with either a fluoroalkene ( ) or a triflate... 

Considering the extensive use of antibiotics in animal agriculture, and the more modest usage in plants and aquaculture, it is axiomatic that residues will occur in foods. The use of any such potent and biologically active materials, in such vast quantities, will always result in some misusage, deliberate or accidental. Hence the occurrence of residues. It is the extent and the biological significance of these residues that is important. 

Ottenbrite RM, Kaplan AM (1985) In Tirrell DA, Donaroma LG, Turek AB (eds) Macromolecules as drugs and as carriers for biologically active materials, Ann NY Acad Sci 446 160... 

The biotransformation of organofluorine materials into optically active functionalized fluo-rinated materials along with a discussion on the effect of fluorine atom(s) during enantio-selective and/or diastereoselective transformations is described. The ability of microorganisms to discriminate between enantiomers is particularly important regarding resolution and asymmetric synthesis. Furthermore, the use of chiral fluorinated materials in the design and preparation of new types of biologically active materials is discussed. 

Building blocks derived from microbial transformations are usually employed as the key units of fluorinated analogs of appropriate natural products or synthetic biologically active materials [42-45]. Among such useful compounds, trifluoromethylated carbohydrates constitute one of the most interesting fields for intensive study. Novel and efficient routes to access a variety of chiral... 

Biologically active materials such as prostaglandin Ej have been reported to benefit from being incorporated into phospholipids-stabilized emulsions (Teagarden... 

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