Inhibition of bacterial growth

Manning JM, NE Merrifield, WM Jones, EC Gotschlich (1974) Inhibition of bacterial growth by P-chloro-D-alanine. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 71 417-421. 

Animal and human studies have demonstrated that rifaximin has very poor intestinal absorption after oral administration, so that blood and urine concentrations of rifaximin are practically undetectable [6], Rifaximin excretion is essentially exclusively by the fecal route [5]. Therefore, when rifaximin is administered by the oral route, it acts locally at the intestinal level and eliminates the bacterial organisms that are causing the infection. The important antibacterial activity of rifaximin appears to be directly related to the high intestinal concentration of the drug and inhibition of bacterial growth. The drug has... 

Much information on the mechanism of action and cross-resistance of purine analogues has been obtained in bacteria, some of which are quite sensitive to certain of these compounds in vitro. There is a great deal of variation in response of the various bacteria to a particular agent and of a particular bacterium to the various cytotoxic purine analogues. Some, if not most, of these differences are probably due to differences in the anabolism of the various compounds. Despite the fact that certain purine analogues have quite a spectrum of antibacterial activity in vitro, none has been useful in the treatment of bacterial infections in vivo because their toxicity is not selective—the metabolic events whose blockade is responsible for their antibacterial activity are also blocked in mammalian cells and thus inhibition of bacterial growth can only be attained at the cost of prohibitive host toxicity. In contrast, the sulpha drugs and antibiotics such as penicillin act on metabolic events peculiar to bacteria. 

H. Einarsson, S. G. Snygg, and C. Eriksson, Inhibition of bacterial growth by Maillard reaction products, J. Agric. Food Chem., 1983, 31, 1043-1047. 

Altered penicillin binding proteins Modified PBPs have a lower affinity for p-lactam antibiotics, requiring clinically unattainable concentrations of the drug to effect binding and inhibition of bacterial growth. This mechanism may explain methicillin-resistant staphylococci, although it does not explain its resistance to non-lactam antibiotics like erythromycin to which they are also refractory. 

The slopes and intercepts of Equations 8 and 9 are quite close, indicating that the molecular probes inhibiting the two superficially different processes are probably operating in the same way at the molecular level. Inhibition of luminescence appears to be different from inhibition of bacterial growth (compare Equation 9 with Equations 27 and 29). In various published (13) and unpublished results linear relationships with slopes of about 0.7 for the inhibition of bacterial growth have been found. 

Patynowski et al. (2002) showed that yeasts produce an unidentified inhibitory factor (maybe a toxic metabolite) that could be responsible for the inhibition of bacterial growth. These results could explain the antagonism between yeasts and malolactic bacteria, since yeasts are known to produce compounds during alcoholic fermentation such as ethanol, SO2, medium-chain fatty acids and antibacterial proteins/peptides (Weeks et al. 1969 De Oliva et al. 2004 Comitini et al. 2005 Osborne and Edwards 2007). The nature and quantity of peptides and other molecules released by yeasts are different depending on winemaking techniques and the yeast strain. 

Table 1. Inhibition of bacterial growth by four bryozoan extracts.

Imai, K., Banno, I., and Iijima, T. 1970. Inhibition of bacterial growth by citrate. Journal of General Applied Microbiology 16 479-489. 

In some cases, the a values are generally applicable to much different equilibrium. In other cases, a values have been derived for specific equilibria, which is particularly true when one considers a values for ortho substituents. A good example of the application of Hammett s electronic descriptors in a QSAR relating the inhibition of bacterial growth is in the series of sulfonamides. 

The functions of ovotransferrin and lacto transferrin are hypothesized to be the inhibition of bacterial growth in the egg white or milk respectively, perhaps by limiting the available iron necessary for bacterial growth. 

Corbin, B.D. et al., Metal chelation and inhibition of bacterial growth in tissue abscesses, Science, 319, 962, 2008. 

Inhibition of bacterial growth that continues after antibiotic blood concentrations have fallen to low levels is called the postantibiotic effect (PAE). The mechanisms of PAE are unclear but may reflect the lag time required by bacteria to synthesize new enzymes and cellular components, the possible persistence of antibiotic at the target site, or an enhanced susceptibility of bacteria to phagocytic and other defense mechanisms. PAE may be another factor contributory to the clinical effectiveness of high-dose, once-daily administration of aminoglycosides. 

Over 120 compounds based on the nalidixic acid structure were subjected to QSAR analysis against one Gram-positive and two Gram-negative bacteria. Somewhat inconsistent results were obtained, probably due to two responses being required before significant inhibition of bacterial growth is observed. 

Dubos" concluded that lactic acid has a bacteriostatic effect on Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which increased as pH decreased. Experiments carried out with Bacillus coagulans in tomato paste showed that lactic acid was four times more effective regarding the inhibition of bacterial growth compared to malic, citric, propionic, and acetic acid. ... 

Inhibition of bacterial growth is due to a mixture of antimicrobial compounds (Bexlield, 2004). 

Seydel (1966) has shown that there is an approximate linear relationship between Hammett <7-values for various benzeneamines (related to the sulfonamides) and the logarithm of the lowest concentration of a sulfa drug to show inhibition of bacterial growth. The more positive the Hammett ortho-halogenated amine, which proved to give a more active sulfonamide than could be expected from its Hammett [Pg.403]

The formation of a clear zone suggested that the PAN solution containing Ag ions was effective in the inhibition of bacterial growth. The Ag/PAN nanocomposite film, characterized by an X-ray diffraction (XRD], transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and ultraviolet-visible [UV-Vis) absorption spectrophotometer, revealed that crystallized cubic Ag particles with diameters of 5.8 nm were dispersed homogeneously in PAN nanofibers. ... 

In addition, unidentified wild strains of bacteria were collected from nest boxes by swabbing the nest and nest cavity with sterilized cotton swabs dipped in sterilized distilled water. Each contaminated swab was carried back to the laboratory in a sterilized tube. Sterilized nutrient medium was innoculated with the standard strains or wild strains, and then each experimental plate was incubated in the presence of a 1 cm piece of sterilized leaf material. There were three replications for each plant tested and a control (i.e., a plate innoculated with bacteria but without leaf material). Our presumption was that any bacteriocidal compounds present in the leaves would diffuse into the nutrient medium and inhibit bacterial growth. Plants were scored as strongly bacteriocidal if there was a bacteria free zone around leaf pieces greater than 1 cm. Plants were scored as moderately effective if a bacteria free zone was apparent, but less than 1 cm. Plants were scored as ineffective if no apparent inhibition of bacterial growth was observed. 

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