Staphylococcus aureus skin infections

Martinez, L.R., Han, G., Chacko, M., Mihu, M.R., Jacobson, M., Gialanella, P., Friedman, A.J., Nosanchuk, J.D., Friedman, J.M., 2009. Antimicrobial and healing efficacy of sustained release nitric oxide nanoparticles against Staphylococcus aureus skin infection. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 129, 2463-2469. 

Widmer AF. (2008) Ceftobiprole A new option for treatment of skin and soft-tissue infections due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus. Clin Infect Dis 46 656-658. 

Noble W.C. (1998). Skin bacteriology and the role of Staphylococcus aureus in infection. British Journal of Dermatology 139(Suppl. 53) 9-12. 

Staphylococcus aureus Superficial infections such as skin pustules, boils, surgical wounds, etc. 

Bacteria are present on everyone s hands and skin. In the simplest terms, some are good bacteria (skin flora may prevent pathogenic organisms from colonizing the skin surface), while other bacteria are dangerous and can induce infection such as Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection, which is caused by a strain of staph bacteria that has become resistant to antibiotics generally used to treat ordinary staph infections. 

Staphylococcus aureus is responsible for a variety of skin infections which require therapeutic approaches different from those of streptococcal infections. Staphylococcal celluhtis is indistinguishable clinically from streptococcal cellulitis and responds to cloxacillin or flucloxacillin, but generally fails to respond to penicillin owing to penicillinase (/3-lactamase) production. Staphylococcus aureus is an important cause of superficial, localized skin sepsis which varies ftom small pustules to boils and occasionally to a more deeply invasive, suppurative skin abscess known as a carbuncle. Antibiotics are generally not indicated for these conditions. Pustules and boils settle with antiseptic soaps or creams and often discharge spontaneously, whereas carbuncles frequently require surgical drainage. Staphylococcus aureus may also cause... 

O Impetigo is a skin infection that most commonly afflicts young children. It is caused by group A streptococci or Staphylococcus aureus and is characterized by the development of numerous blisters that rupture and form crusts. Dicloxacillin, cephalexin, and topical mupirocin are considered the antibiotics of choice for treatment of impetigo. 

Staphylococcus aureus is an important human pathogen that causes a variety of clinical manifestations, ranging from benign skin infections to life-threatening infections such as septicemia, endocarditis, osteitis, and toxic shock syndrome. The virulence has been ascribed to a coordinated production of a large set of different toxins,... 

The bacterium Staphylococcus aureus, which is a major cause of infection in the developed countries, is now resistant to most antibiotics. It is usually present on the skin, where it causes no problems, but it can invade the body through cuts and wounds, including those caused by surgery. These bacteria are now prevalent in many hospitals, so that infection is a major problem for the medical staff in hospitals. The resistant bacterium is known as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). It is also known in the mass media as the super bug . Penicillin kiUs bacteria because the P-lactam group in the antibiotic inhibits a reaction that is essential for bacterial ceU wall production. Consequently, the bacteria cannot proliferate. Resistance to penicillin in many bacteria is due to production of an enzyme, p-lactamase, that degrades P-lactams. The antibiotic methicillin is one of a group of semisynthetic penicillins in which the P-lactam group is not... 

Hair PI, Keam S J. (2007) Daptomycin A review of its nse in the management of complicated skin and soft-tissue infections and Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia. Drugs 67 1483-512. 

Dhawan B, Gadepalli R, Kapil A. (2009) In vitro activity of daptomycin against Staphylococcus Aureus and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus Faecium isolates associated with skin and soft tissue infections First results from India. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 65 196-198. 

Scheinfeld N. (2007) A comparison of available and investigational antibiotics for complicated skin infections and treatment-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus and enterococcus. J Drugs Dermatol 6 97-103. 

Moderate to severe uncomplicated skin and skin structure infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus pyogenes. 2glV q 12 h 10... 

Levofloxacin (1), the levo-isomer or the (5)-enantiomer of ofloxacin, received FDA approval in 1996 (Fish, 2003 Hurst et al., 2002 Mascaretti, 2003 Norrby, 1999 North et al., 1998). The initial approval covered community-acquired pneumonia, acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, acute maxillary sinusitis, uncomplicated skin and skin structure infections, acute pyelonephritis, and complicated urinary tract infections (North et al., 1998). Four years later, the levofloxacin indication list grew to include community-acquired pneumonia caused by penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. In addition, in 2002, nosocomial (hospital-acquired) pneumonia caused by methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Serratia marcescens, Haemophilus influenzae, Kliebsella pneumoniae, and Escherichia coli was added (Hurst et al., 2002). Finally in 2004, LVX was approved as a post-exposure treatment for individuals exposed to Bacillus anthracis, the microbe that causes anthrax, via inhalation (FDA, 2004). 

Skin/skin structure infections Furunculosis, pyoderma and impetigo due to Staphylococcus aureus, S. pyogenes or S. agalactiae. 

Mupirocin (Bactroban) inhibits a specific enzyme responsible for tRNA synthesis in susceptible bacteria. This drug is used topically to treat skin infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus pyogenes. Likewise, mupirocin can be administered by nasal spray to treat local colonization of S. aureus in the nasal mucosa. This idea may be especially helpful in preventing systemic infection in individuals such as health care workers who are exposed to an outbreak of resistant strains of S. aureus. Local/topical administration of this drug is well tolerated, although some irritation of the skin may occur during topical use, and cough and respiratory irritation can occur when mupirocin is administered by nasal spray. 

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