Infants measures

K. Sakatani, S. Chen, W. Lichty, H. Zuo, and Y. P. Wang. Cerebral blood oxygenation changes induced by auditory stimulation in newborn infants measure by near infrared spectroscopy. Early Human Development, 55 229-236, 1999. 

Novelty preference and fixation duration have test—retest reliabibties of 0.46 and 0.54, respectively. The correlation between these measures in six different studies was —0.46. This correlation has a disattenuated value of 0.92. The disattenuated correlations between the infant measures and early childhood IQ are —0.77 (for the fixation time measure) and 0.83 (for the novelty preference measure). These disattenuated correlations imply that the two infant measures are indices of the same underlying processes and that these processes are substantially related to the subsequent development of intelligence. There is continuity between the information processing abilities of infants and individual differences in intelligence. 

In the severely ill infant, measurements of serum ammonia and lactate, urinary organic acids, urinary and serum amino acids and erythrocyle galacto.se I-phosphale uridyl transferase will be required. If the baby has a problem which is apparent intermittently, then blood and urine should be collected for analysis during the acute phase. 

Watson, P. E. McDonald, B. W. (2007). Seasonal variation of nutrient intake in pregnancy effects on infant measures and possible influence on diseases related to season of birth. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 61 1271—1280. 

Nitrate (measured as Nitrogen) 10 10 "Blue baby syndrome" in infants under six months -life threatening without immediate medical attention. Symptoms Infant looks blue and has shortness of breath. Runoff from fertilizer use leaching from septic tanks, sewage erosion of natural deposits... 

Inhaled NO has been used for treatment of persistent pulmonary hypertension of newborn infants, critical respiratory failure of preterm infants, and acute hypertension of adult cardiac surgery patients. PDE-5 inhibitors such as sildenafil are also effective for treatment of pulmonary hypertension. The combination of PDE-5 and NO inhalation yields additive beneficial effects on pulmonary hemodynamics. On the other hand, measurement of exhaled NO is a noninvasive and reproducible test that is a surrogate measure of airway inflammation in patients with bronchial asthma. 

The Newborn and the Laboratory. The wellbeing of the pre-mature infant can be ascertained by measuring blood pH, electrolytes and other blood components on a routine basis. The maintenance of these infants electrolyte balance and normal pH is shown in Figure 3. An infant placed on a high protein diet milk formula developed an acidosis, and when brought to normal pH... 

The observations of fine motor problems in infants born to heroin addicts has also been described by Wilson et al., in 1973. She notes the discrepancy between the gross motor skills of the infants and fine motor abilities during the first year. Furthermore, in 1979, Wilson et al, described the development of preschool children between 3 and 6 years of age, born to heroin-addicted mothers. They performed poorer on measures of visual, tactile, and auditory perception, were more active, and had... 

Children Pain interviews may be conducted with children as young as 3 or 4 years of age however, communication may be limited by vocabulary.34 Terms familiar to children such as hurt, owie, or boo boo may be used to describe pain. The VAS is best used with children older than 7 years of age. Other scales based on numbers of objects (e.g., poker chips), increasing color intensity, or faces of pain may be helpful for children between 4 and 7 years of age. In children younger than 3 to 4 years of age, behavioral or physiologic measures, such as pulse or respiratory rate, may be more appropriate. Pain assessment in newborns and infants relies on behavioral observation for such clues as vocalizations (crying and fussing), facial expressions,... 

Oral Administration. Oral administration is the preferred route of administration. There is a general consensus among pediatricians and parents that children younger that 5 years of age have great difficulty with, or are unable to swallow, a solid oral dosage form. Manufacturers, therefore, have developed liquid formulations for many of the commonly used pediatric products. The liquid dosage form, however, is not free of problems. Liquid products are often unstable and have short expiration dates accurate measurement and administration of the prescribed dose is also a problem, especially in infants. 

Concentrated Oral Solutions. Presentation of a drug may be made in the form of a concentrated solution that allows the entire dose to be held within a volume of less than 5 mL (e.g., Intensol Concentrated Oral Solutions, Roxanne). This opens up another means of providing medication to the aged, infants, or any other patients experiencing difficulties swallowing. Such preparations can be mixed with food or drink. Taste and poor solubility are problems that may set limits on the number of successful formulations that can be prepared in this way. Also, small errors in the measurement of such preparations represent large errors in dosing. 

Measuring Lead Exposure in Infants, Children, and Other Sensitive Populations. Washington, DC National Academy Press, 1993. 

Interim results of an investigation of 185 subjects and later results from the complete follow-up sample of 305 subjects in a prospective study of inner-city children (>80% black) bom in Cincinnati, Ohio, were reported by Dietrich et al. (1986, 1987a, 1987b). Maternal PbB levels were measured at the first prenatal visit cord PbB was measured at delivery infant PbB levels were measured at 10 days and at 3 months of age and neurobehavioral tests were performed at 3 and 6 months of age. Mean PbB levels were as follows prenatal (maternal)—8.0 pg/dL (range, 1-27 pg/dL) umbilical cord—6.3 pg/dL (range,... 

A later analysis (Emhart et al. 1987) related PbB levels obtained at delivery (maternal and cord blood) and at 6 months, 2 years, and 3 years of age to developmental tests (MDI, PDI, Kent Infant Development Scale [KID], and Stanford-Binet IQ) administered at 6 months, 1 year, 2 years, and 3 years of age, as appropriate. After controlling for covariates and confounding risk factors, the only significant associations of blood lead with concurrent or later development were an inverse association between maternal (but not cord) blood lead and MDI, PDI, and KID at 6 months, and a positive association between 6-month PbB and 6-month KID. The investigators concluded that, taken as a whole, the results of the 21 analyses of correlation between blood lead and developmental test scores were "reasonably consistent with what might be expected on the basis of sampling variability," that any association of blood lead level with measures of development was likely to be due to the dependence of both PbB and... 

Bonithon-Kopp et al. (1986b) investigated another potential marker for lead exposure. Maternal and infant hair lead levels, determined from hair samples taken at birth, were found to be correlated inversely with results on neurobehavioral tests (McCarthy Scales of Children s Abilities) when the children were tested at 6 years of age. Other studies have also reported associations between hair lead levels and behavioral or cognitive test scores, but measures of lead in hair may not accurately reflect internal body burden of lead, and such data should not be used to evaluate internal dose-response relationships (EPA 1986a). 

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