Novelty preference

Sensory discrimination abilities manifest in the first year of life are related to the development of intelligence. Colombo (1993) summarized the literature relating measures of habituation and novelty preference to later intellectual abilities. Fixation times in habituation paradigms may be interpreted as an index of the speed of encoding features of the stimulus array (see Colombo 1993, Sokolov 1969). Fixation duration measures obtained from infants varying in age from newborn to six months have been correlated with IQ test scores for these children when they varied in age from 4 to 8 years. The correlations ranged from —0.29 to —0.63 (see Colombo 1993, Table 2.4). One study reported a correlation of —0.50 from an assessment of infant fixation times at age 11 months that was correlated with IQ at age 11 years (Rose Feldman 1995, J. F. Feldman, personal communication). 

Infant performance on a test of novelty preference has also been related to later intellectual ability. In these studies attention to a novel visual stimulus is measured... 

Novelty preference and fixation duration have test—retest reliabibties of 0.46 and 0.54, respectively. The correlation between these measures in six different studies was —0.46. This correlation has a disattenuated value of 0.92. The disattenuated correlations between the infant measures and early childhood IQ are —0.77 (for the fixation time measure) and 0.83 (for the novelty preference measure). These disattenuated correlations imply that the two infant measures are indices of the same underlying processes and that these processes are substantially related to the subsequent development of intelligence. There is continuity between the information processing abilities of infants and individual differences in intelligence. 

Recognition memory, as assessed on tasks like novelty preference and conjugate reinforcement (Fagen and Ohr, 2001 Rovee-Collier and Barr, 2001). Tasks of this type may be sensitive to intake of energy-glucose, iron, and zinc, which may relate to hippocampal development (Nelson et ah, 2000 Pinero et ah, 2001 Takeda, 2001). 

Fagan, J.F. (1984). The relationship of novelty preferences during infancy to later intelligence and later recognition memory. Intelligence, 8, 339-346... 

Bardo, Michael T., Shana L. Bowling, Patricia M. Robinet, James K. Rowlett, Margaret Lacey, and Bruce A. Mattingly. 1993. "Role of Dopamine D) and D Receptors in Novelty-Maintained Place Preference." Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology 1 101-19. 

Bardo, Michael T., Janet L Neisewander, and Robert C. Pierce. 1989. "Novelty-Induced Place Preference Behavior in Rats Effects of Opiate and Dopaminergic Drugs." Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 32 683-69. 

Klebaur, J. E. and Bardo, M. T. (1999) The effects of anxiolytic drugs on novelty-induced place preference. Behav Brain Res 101, 51-57. 

Because of the structural novelty of new APIs, one rarely finds commercial sources of needed late intermediates such as in the Florfenicol case above. The problem then becomes either to produce the target intermediates yourself or to find and qualify one or more third parties, preferably experienced in the chemical technologies needed in the synthesis, to do so. 

On reflection, we need to distinguish among three different phenomena People can align their preferences with what they do not have, with what they cannot have, and with what they are forbidden to have. The first is the sheer desire for novelty, which, if satisfied, immediately yields to a new desire. The second is the tendency to desire objects that are not merely absent or forbidden, but strictly unattainable The grass is always greener on the other side of the fence. The third is forbidden fruit proper. The attraction of extramarital relationships, for instance, often owes a great deal to this mechanism. 

Middleton, E. (1986), "Some testable implications of a preference for subjective novelty," Kyfctos 39,397-418. 

Gamble, J., Jaeger, S.R., and Harker, F.R. 2006. Preferences in pear appearance and response to novelty among Australian and New Zealand consumers. Postharvest Biology and Technology 41 38—47. 

Cholesterol extraction studies listed in Tables I and II have progressed from the initial scale to an optimization phase at the laboratories of the University of Wisconsin and Phasex Corporation (35. Whereas all the applications listed in Table II are interesting for discussion, fish oils extraction and enzyme reactions were selected for their newness and/or novelty for discussion here. Fish oil extraction with supercritical fluids exhibits the potential to become the preferred separations process if high concentration levels of eicosapentanoic acid are required, and it is being in vestigated by many workers. The subject of enzyme reactions in supercritical fluids is, at present for the most part, an interesting academic pursuit but it exemplifies the breadth of application of supercritical fluid extraction. 

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