Nicotine consumption

Hughes, G. V., and Boland, F. J., The effects of caffeine and nicotine consumption on mood and somatic variables in a penitentiary inmate population. Addictive Behaviors 17(5), 447-457, 1992. 

Nicotine also affects the developing fetus. Adverse effects of chronic nicotine consumption during pregnancy include reduced infant birth weight, attention deficit disorders, and other cognitive problems. Nicotine receptors are expressed early during development, and it is not clear what other effects nicotine exposure during development has on the fetus. 

Hu D, Cao K, Peterson-Wakeman R, Wang R. Altered profile of gene expression in rat hearts induced by chronic nicotine consumption. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002 297(4) 729-36. 

Besides accidential or suicidal ingestion, there is occupational exposure of some groups of employees in the production and processing of heavy metal ores, manufacturing and use of thallium, its alloys and compounds, and in certain cement factories from roasting pyrites and ingestion of dust from the electric filter (Schaller et al., 1980). Whereas the excretion level in urine from persons without known occupational contact with thallium was found to be lower than 1.1 mg Tl/kg creatinine, it significantly increases upon exposure. No influence of the age of the person examined and the duration of employment, as well as no influence of alcohol and nicotine consumption was noted. 

For example, increase in sleep latency, sleep fragmentation and decreased slow-wave sleep with reduced sleep efficiency and increased daytime sleepiness are observed during nicotine consumption. Nicotine-induced rapid eye movement (REM) sleep suppression is also known. Some researchers have not detected any effect of nicotine on sleep [217]. In contrast, when administered intravenously [218], subcutaneously [219], or into the medial pontine reticular formation [220], nicotine is reported to increase REM sleep in cats. Moreover, some human studies employing transdermal nicotine report a decreased total sleep time, sleep efficiency, and REM sleep and an increase in wakefulness [221, 222]. On the other hand, depressive nonsmokers experience a mood improvement under nicotine administration comparable to the effect of antidepressants. Actually, transdermal... 

Demand-controlled ventilation (DCV) is one approach to reduce energy consumption due to ventilation, that is gaining popularity in both industrial and nonindustrial applications. It is used in cases where ventilation requirements vary with time, regularly or irregularly. The control is based on a specified level of indoor air quality by means of continuous measurement of the parameters, that are expected to primarily determine the lAQ, such as the concentration of the main contaminant liberated from the production process. The principle is thus similar to the one in some better-known nonindustrial applications, e.g., CO2 levels in rooms with dense human occupancy (theaters, classrooms, etc.) or nicotine concentration in smoking rooms. See also Section 9.6. 

Specific concomitant medications or consumptions (check specific statin package insert for warnings) fibrates (especially gemfibrozil, but other fibrates too), nicotinic acid (rarely), cyclosporine, azole antifungals such as itraconazole and ketoconazole, macrolide antibiotics such as erythromycin and clarithromycin, protease inhibitors used to treat Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, nefazodone (antidepressant), verapamil, amiodarone, large quantities of grapefruit juice (usually more than 1 quart per day), and alcohol abuse (independently predisposes to myopathy)... 

Since nicotine has wide ranging effects on the central nervous system it seems likely that pharmacogenomic effects on the development of nicotine dependence will span several neurotransmitter systems. One study found an association between a polymorphism in dopamine /1-hydroxylase and level of tobacco consumption [20]. This enzyme is important in noradrenaline synthesis and it is tempting to speculate that genetically regulated variations in activity might influence susceptibility to nicotine withdrawal symptoms mediated by noradrenergic pathways, but more information is required on the molecular effects of the polymorphism. 

When human red cells were killed by storage in saline and reinjected intravenously, no increased consumption of Hp was observed (G9). Neither did the plasma Hp level change when the normal erythrocyte turnover was accelerated by injection of nicotinic acid (G10). Patients have also been observed who rapidly eliminated all red cells infused without consequent hemoglobinemia or decrease in the plasma Hp. 

Grunberg NE, Bowen DJ, Winders SE. (1986). Effects of nicotine on body weight and food consumption in female rats. Psychopharmacology (Berlin). 90(1) 101-5. 

Dietary sources of nicotine have been alleged to be a potential confounder of cotinine levels used in measurement of secondhand smoke exposure. Several foods contain small amounts of nicotine (Siegmund et al. 1999). However, the levels of nicotine in foods are quite low. Based on nicotine levels in foods and the usual daily consumption of various nicotine-containing foods, it has been determined that... 

---