Socio-economic status

Williams, D. R., Yu, Y. Jackson, J. S. (1997). Racial differences in physical and mental health socio-economic status, stress and discrimination. Journal of Health Psychology, 2(3), 335-51. 

Van Ryn, M. and J. Burke, "The Effect of Patient Race and Socio-Economic Status on Physicians Perceptions of Patients," Social Sci. Med., 50, 813-828 (2000). 

Crowding of adolescents and low socio-economic status have been associated with streptococcal group A infections. Frequent swimmers are at risk for chronic ear infections caused by Pseudomonas sp. 

The infection rate among the population of a country correlates with age, hygiene standards, socio-economic status and individual risk factors (drug addiction, homosexuality, close contact with infected persons, etc.). Men and women are subject to the same frequency of infection, irrespective of age or race and seasonal or regional factors. In Germany, there has been a rapid decrease in natural immunity, because far fewer juveniles become infected with HAV today. Consequently, when people contract the infection at a more advanced age, there is a higher complication rate and greater mortality (2.7% vs. 0.004%). 

Until recently, anorexia nervosa was largely a disease of the affluent in white dominated societies. It is now no longer uncommon among other ethnic groups in the developed world it appears to be related more to socio-economic status than any particular racial or cultural characteristic. Furthermore, the prevalence of anorexia nervosa is rising in many non-Westem societies (Simpson 2002). 

Klag, M. J., et al. (1991), "The association of skin color with blood pressure in US blacks with low socio-economic status," Journal of the American Medical Association 265,599-602. 

In 3 - 5 year-old children of low socio-economic status, Caucasian children not expressing Db exhibit twice the severity of caries than do African-American children who have a... 

The presence of pathogenic protozoans in domestic animals also produces debilitating effects and, therefore, eradication of these parasites is essential for better health of livestock and improved socio-economic status of the farmers. The economic importance of protozoal infections may be judged by the fact that more than US 280 million are spent worldwide in poultry industry alone for prophylactic treatment of chicken against coccidiosis [42]. Another fatal protozoal infection of animals is Theil-eria parva parva responsible for East Coast fever in cattle. The pathogenicity of theil-eriasis is so pronounced that the mortality among the infected dairy herds may reach upto 100% [43]... 

In a cohort study of 6,000 children that investigated the effect of maternal smoking together with socio-economic status and low birth order on the risk of allergic disease, maternal smoking was found to be an additional risk factor for wheeze primarily in low socio-economic groups [293(Ib)]. 

Children with asthma are major consumers of health services [33]. An average of 6.4% of the annual income of middle class families, and 10% of the income of low-income families, is spent for the management of childhood asthma in the USA [34]. Children with asthma miss school more frequently [35], make more visits to emergency departments and physician s offices [36], and spend more time in the hospital than healthy children [37]. Asthma has been linked to poor school performance [38, 39], especially among children of low socio-economic status [40]. Children with asthma also have problems related to poor psychological adjustment [41], low self-image [9(Ia)], and disruption of family life [32, 37]. The failure to diagnose asthma and the subsequent lack of adequate treatment [42] may cause morbidity later in adult life [43]. 

Sutcliffe N, Clarke AE, Gordon C, Farewell V, Isenberg DA (1999) The association of socio-economic status, race, psychosocial factors and outcome in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheumatology (Oxford), 38(11) 1130-1137. 

Astone, N. M., Misra, D., Lynch, C. (2007). The effect of maternal socio-economic status throughout the lifespan on infant birth-weight. Paediatr. Perinat. Epidemiol. 21 310—318. 

If asked what system to use (microbial, insect, or mammalian, in vivo or in vitro) to assess the hazard to humans associated with chronic low dose exposure to a substance already in circulation, an epidemiologist s answer very likely would be in vivo and in humans. To accomplish this the epidemiologist would set up what is referred to as a retrospective cohort study. In such a study attempts would be made to identify separate cohorts of exposed and nonexposed individuals (or cohorts with distinctly different levels of exposure), who were matached for as many other variables as possible such as age, smoking and drinking habits, socio-economic status, etc., and then analyze the cohorts for differences in disease patterns. 

The total intake of lead by adults and children in the general populations varies greatly as to the relative contributions from individual sources (air, water, food, soil/ dust, and others) and is partly depended on life-style and socio-economic status. Additional intake of lead will take place in certain groups from the use of tobacco and alcoholic beverages (WHO, 1995). Occupational exposure to lead occurs in many countries, especially in those with developing industries and small home-based industries. 

GSO. Socio-economic status of Vietnam from 2001 to 2010 (in Vietnamese). Statistics Publishing. Hanoi General Statistics Office 2011. 

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