Industrial oilseeds

Solvent Extraction. Extraction processes, used for separating one substance from another, are commonly employed in the pharmaceutical and food processing industries. Oilseed extraction is the most widely used extraction process on the basis of tons processed. Extraction-grade hexane is the solvent used to extract soybeans, cottonseed, com, peanuts, and other oilseeds to produce edible oils and meal used for animal feed supplements. Tight specifications require a narrow distillation range to minimize solvent losses as well as an extremely low benzene content. The specification also has a composition requirement, which is very unusual for a hydrocarbon, where the different components of the solvent must be present within certain ranges (see Exthaction). 

Kleiman R (1990) Chemistry of new industrial oilseed crops. In Janlck J, Simon JE (eds) Advances in new crops. Timber, Portland, pp 196-203... 

Flax is grown mainly to produce linseed oil for industrial applications, Western Canada, China and India being leading producers. Other important areas of production are the Northern Plains of the USA (Maddock et al., 2005), Argentina, the former USSR and Uruguay. Flax is grown typically under dryland conditions. In Canada, flax is produced only as an industrial oilseed crop and not for textile use as in some countries. 

If the success of transgenic industrial oilseeds is to be measured on the basis of their commercial success (see (54) for an economic analysis of genetically modified industrial crop profitability), then the success of such crops can affect the prosperity of the industries they replace, such as chemical manufacturing. Although the overall benefit will be great, as renewable resources replace potentially limited resources, industries and workers may be displaced. 

Thompson, A.E., D.A. Dierig, and K.R. Kleiman. 1994a. Germplasm development of Vemonia galamensis as a new industrial oilseed crop. Ind. Crops 3 185-200. 

Kleiman, R., and L.H. Princen, New Industrial Oilseed Crops, in Proceedings of World Conference on Oleochemicals Into the 21st Century, edited by T.H. Applewhite, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 1990, pp. 127-131. 

Metabolix established a strategic research collaboration with noted oilseed experts at the Donald Dantorth Plant Science Centerto Develop advanced industrial oilseed crops tor bioplastic and bioluel production... 

R. E. Perdue, Jr., Vernonia galamensis, Potential New Industrial Oilseed Crop, USDA, 1987. 

Industrial oilseeds are viable feedstocks for the preparation of polymeric materials, particularly thermosetting polymers liquid-phase polymers that are cured irreversibly via heat, irradiation, or chemical reactions to form an insoluble polymeric network. Paints, coatings, adhesives, foams, and gels are commonly thermosets. Biobased feedstocks are receiving increasing attentions as replacements for petroleum in the preparation of thermosets and other polymers due to the reduced environmental impact associated with their derivation (no mining involved, approximately neutral in the net production of the greenhouse gas, CO2) and increased cost competitiveness. 

This chapter focuses on the preparation of thermosets, polyesters, and other polymers from industrial oilseeds. Nature has provided a few examples of plant oils that possess multiple functional groups needed for polymer synthesis, such as castor (Ricinus communis), lesquerella (Lesquerella fendleri), and vemonia (Vernonia galamensis) oils, enriched in —OH and epoxide-functionalized fatty acids ricinoleic, lesquerolic, and vemolic acid, respectively (Table 3.1). Many common plant seed oils (eg, soybean, cottonseed, com, soybean, safQower, sunflower, canola, jatropha, and olive oils) are enriched in Ci6—Cig saturated and mono- and diunsaturated fatty acids, such as palmitic (16 0), oleic (18 l-9c), and linoleic (18 2-9c,12c) acids and lesser amounts of a-linolenic acid (18 3-9c,12c,15c) however, linseed (flaxseed), camelina (Camelina saliva). 

TABLE 3.2 Commercially Available Polyi meric Products From Industrial Oilseeds 5 ... 

TABLE3.3 Monomers Derived From Industrial Oilseeds ... 

Also see chapter 3 Polymeric Products Derived from Industrial Oilseed for Paints, Coatings, and Other Applications by Hayes and Dumont for additional detail on polymers derived from castor oil. 

Chhikara, S., Duttaa, L, Paulosea, B., Jaiwalb, P.K., Dhankhera, O.P, 2012. Development of an Agrobacterium-mediated stable transformation method for industrial oilseed crop Crambe abyssinica BelAnn . Ind. Crops Prod. 37, 457-465. 

Li, X.Y., Ahlman, A., Lindgren, H., Zhu, L.H., 2011. Highly efficient in vitro regeneration of the industrial oilseed crop Crambe abyssinica. Ind. Crops Prod. 33,170-175. 

Newson, W.R., 2015. Bio-based materials from Crambe and Carinata industrial oilseed meals -compression moulded and extruded oilseed meal plastics, vol. 127 (Doctoral thesis). Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp. ISBN 978-91-576-8352-9 (print version) ISBN 978-91-576-8453-6 (electronic version). 

Zanetti, R, Monti, A., Berti, M.T., 2013. Challenges and opportunities for new industrial oilseed crops in EU-27 a review. Ind. Crops Prod. 50, 580-595. 

Carr, P.M., 1993. Potential of fanweed and other weeds as novel industrial oilseed crops. In Janick, J., Simon, J.E. (Eds.), New Crrps. WQey, New York, pp. 384-388. 

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