Industrial chemical synthesis

Cains PW, Martin PD, Price CJ (1998) The use of ultrasound in industrial chemical synthesis and crystallization. Parti. Applications to synthetic chemistry. Org Process Res Dev 2 34... 

As the use of lipase for industrial chemical synthesis becomes easier, several chemical companies have begun to increase significantly their biocatalytic process used in synthetic application. Among these companies, BASF, in which enantiomerically pure alcohols and amines are produced on industrial scale.98... 

Why is PH3 a particular hazard in the laboratory and in industrial chemical synthesis Is it very toxic What are its major toxic effects ... 

It is possible to speed up aliphatic tertiary amine oxidation by adding tungstate or molybdate catalysts.334 However, for oxidation of aromatic and particularly heterocyclic tertiary nitrogen, a stronger system than hydrogen peroxide alone is required. iV-Oxidation of heterocycles is of pivotal importance in industrial chemical synthesis.335 Catalysed systems have been applied and these are dominated by metal peroxo systems based on molybdenum or tungsten. For example, quinoxaline and pyrazine may be oxidized to mono- or... 

Fig. 8.29 Industrial, chemical synthesis of L-ascorbic acid. Experimental conditions have been taken from [145]. Structures (except those of the acetone derivatives) are in open-chain Fischer projection to make the...

Biocatalysts are most often employed in aqueous solution and offer the chemist exquisite selectivity. It is therefore not surprising that they are now being employed at the industrial level, and of course water is the solvent. The application of biocatalysts to industrial chemical synthesis was recently reviewed, and two examples will be highlighted here. However, enzymes in water have found use in all sectors of the chemical manufacturing industry from pharmaceuticals through fine chemicals and materials to bulk chemical production. 

Biotechnology products are those that are prepared using biological organisms, rather than the usual types of industrial chemical synthesis. Biological organisms may be used in vivo, ex vivo or in vitro to make these products. 

It is responsible for almost all heart drugs, drugs for the CNS, anti-ulcer drugs, analgesics and anti-histamines. Many pharmaceuticals are made simply from readily available bulk chemicals. For example, the non-steroid antiinflammatory agent, ibuprofen, is made from toluene and propylene, two of the seven basic building blocks of the petrochemical industry. Chemical synthesis is also used to modify materials made from other sources, and chemical methods of extraction are used in the downstream processing of products from other sources. 

Another process patented by BASF is shown in Figure 4.10. This process uses only isobutylene, formaldehyde and air as reagents the only by-product is two molar equivalents of water per mole of product and it gives citral in just four steps, two of which run in parallel. Such elegance not only has intellectual appeal but also is an excellent example of how industrial chemical synthesis should be carried out, producing valuable products efficiently, at low cost and with minimal environmental impact. 

Carbon disulfide is a volatile organic solvent, used mainly as a starting material in rayon manufacture in the viscose process. It was important historically in the cold vulcanization of rubber. Although no longer used in this form, carbon disulfide is still a major industrial precursor in rubber industry chemical synthesis and has a number of other industrial applications. Carbon disulfide is also widely used as a solvent in a variety of laboratory settings. Carbon disulfide is a metabolite of the drug disulfiram (see pp 186) and is a spontaneous breakdown by-product of the pesticide metam sodium. 

We now apply the whole process of route selection to the reaction network for 4-aminophenol shown in Figure 9.13. Reaction yields were taken from Faith s and Shreve s books on industrial chemical synthesis [57,58]. 

As must be evident now, gas-liquid reactions are characterized by a large number of reactor types. This is also true of other multiphase reactions in which a liquid phase is involved. For other reactions such as gas-solid, catalytic, or noncataly tic, the choice of the reactor is confined to a lesser number of variations. Therefore, while the reactor choice is an important consideration for all reactions, particularly heterogeneous reactions, it is more so for gas-liquid, liquid-liquid, and slurry systems, all of which are widely used in industrial chemical synthesis. We discuss below the cost minimization criteria for a rational choice of the reactor for gas-liquid reactions. 

It was also partially supported by EU COST actions FA 1006 (PlantEngine) and FA 0907 (Bioflavour), FP7 KBBE-Project BioNexGen (no 266025, Developing the Next Generation of Biocatalysts for Industrial Chemical Synthesis), Science Campus... 

We want to study surfaces because they support numerous reactions in research and industry. The use of metal surtaces to catalyze reactions dates back to 1796, and the field continued to expand through the 1800s. By the time of Davisson s experiments, reactive surfaces were a major tool in industrial chemical synthesis. 

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