Chemical and Rubber Industry

Ammonia is shipped as a liquefied gas under its own vapour pressure of 114 psig (7.9 bar) at 21°C. Uses are to be found in refrigeration, fertilizer production, metal industries, the petroleum, chemical and rubber industries, domestic cleaning agents and water purification. Aqueous solutions of ammonia are common alkaline laboratory reagents ca 0.88 solution is the strongest available. Ammonia gas is expelled on warming. 

The BDSA conducts industrial economic studies, on a world-wide basis, of the production, uses, trends, and outlook for the major commodities and products. Some of the publications which are used to make this information available to the public are Chemical and Rubber Industry Report Copper Industry Report Pulp, Paper, and Board Industry Report Industry Trend Series and the Outlook Studies. Copies of the latest list of BDSA publications may be obtained from any Department of Commerce field ofifice or from the Publications Officer, BDSA, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington 25, D.C. 

CCI - Chemical and Rubber Industry Association/Zdruzenje kemijske in gumarske industrije, Slovenia... 

Piperidine Commonly used solvent and reagent in chemical laboratories and in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries also used in the manufacture of rubber products and plastics. 

Certain types of synthetic rubbers such as neoprenes and hypalons when suitably compounded with asbestos fillers are flame resistant and give passive fire protection. This safety aspect is a key priority in many chemical and engineering industries as well. These fire protection technologies are used to protect structures and equipment against all types of fires including the extreme conditions of a jet fire. 

Hollow rubber parts may have a small opening such as in hot water bottles or in many chemical and medical industry applications, or may be completely closed as in play balls, or with round metallic cores encompassed within balls which are used in scrubbing operations in some separation processes in the chemical industry. After... 

Production, Import/Export, Use, and Disposal. Because barium compounds occur naturally and are widely used in oil well drilling muds, in steel, rubber and plastic products, glass and ceramics, chemical, and pyrotechnics industries, in insecticides, and as a smoke suppressant in diesel fuels (Bodek et al. 1988 EPA 1982 ILO 1983 Kirkpatrick 1985 Meister 1989 Stokinger 1981 ... 

The discovery that exposure to exogenous chemicals could lead to cancer in humans was first made in the late 18th century, when Percival Pott demonstrated the relationship between cancer of the scrotum and the occupation of chimney sweepers exposed to coal tar/soot. Other examples noted later were scrotal cancers in cotton spinners exposed to unrefined mineral oils, and cancers of the urinary bladder in men who worked in textile dye and rubber industries due to their exposure to certain aromatic amines used as antioxidants. Experimental induction of cancer by chemicals was first reported in detail by Yamagiwa and Ichikawa in 1918, when repeated application of coal tar to the ear of rabbits resulted in skin carcinomas. Over the next few years, Kennaway and Leitch confirmed this finding and demonstrated similar effects in mice and rabbits from the application of soot extracts, other types of tar (e.g., acetylene or isoprene), and some heated mineral oils. These researchers also observed skin irritation sometimes accompanied by ulcers at the site of application of the test material. Irritation was thought to be an important factor in skin tumor development. However, not all irritants (e.g., acridine) induced skin cancer in mice and conversely, some purified chemicals isolated from these crude materials... 

Only a small part of the heavy spar extracted, less than 5%, is processed to barium chemicals (barium carbonate, barium sulfide, synthetic barium sulfate, barium chloride, barium hydroxide etc.). Over 90% is utilized in the extraction of crude oil and natural gas as suspensions in the drilling mud. Ca. 5% is used as a filler in the dye, paint, plastics and rubber industries and in the manufacture of glass. 

Magnusson, F.S. (1978) Petrochemical Feedstocks, Chemicals and Rubber Program, Office of Basic Industrial Materials Division, Industry and Trade Administration, US Department of Commerce, Washington, DC, November. 

The mobilization activities tapered off after the Korean action and controls on chemicals were taken off. NPA was dissolved and the Commerce Department reorganized its commodity divisions with the object of furnishing a service to industry on a more normal peacetime basis. Inherent in the reorganization planning, however, was the idea that the new setup should serve as the nucleus for any future mobilization programs. Business and Defense Services Administration, as the new organization is called, includes 25 commodity divisions. The Chemical and Rubber Division is one of these. 

The Secretary of Commerce has continued the policy of utilizing the services of industry leaders on a rotating basis. These men serve as head of the Chemical and Rubber Division for periods of 6 months. To assure continued smooth operations, the deputy director is a career government employee. 

Of interest to those who use statistics is the Chemical and Rubber Division s proposal to renew publication of regular reports on the chemical industry. These will be essentially analytical, showing trends in various phases of the industry. 

The Chemical and Rubber Division of BDSA is interested in collecting and disseminating data and statistics concerning the chemical industry. Very often it has data, some of them unpublished, which are available for the asking, except for emergency periods when release of statistics could be a security problem. 

Realizing full well that to give is to get, the Chemical and Rubber Division, as a service organization to industry and government, welcomes requests, whether they be letters, phone calls, or personal visits. 

Prior to the Korean action, the division issued monthly reports on the chemical industry. These were discontinued. Plans to resume publication of the report Chemical and Rubber Monthly Industry Report are still in the discussion stage. Similarly, the synopses of information on major commodities were discontinued but may be resumed. These would appear in the monthly report and possibly as separate reprints. 

Principal sources of statistics of interest to the chemical and chemical process industries are cited in the Chemical Statistics Directory. This publication was prepared by the Chemical and Rubber Division of the Commerce Department. The first edition of this appeared in 1947 and covered the year 1945. The second edition was printed in 1949 and covered the period 1946-47. No revised editions have appeared since that time. Copies of the first are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C., at 0.15. Copies of the second are available at the same address at a cost of 0.20. 

This book should be of immense help to chemical engineers, materials managers, maintenance engineers and practitioners in rubber and students alike. Moreover this will be a reference book for workers in fertilisers, caustic soda and other chemical and process industries. The clear and primarily non-technical style of writing for a technical subject such as this, which the author intended as far as possible, will also attract general readers with a more limited knowledge of rubber. 

The industry sustains work force growth. Since 1990, its employees increased in number by 10%, which represents an exception to a trend in other sectors of the chemical industry. Although the number of workers in the plastics, synthetic fiber, and rubber industries fell by 25% since 1980, the pharmaceutical industry work force rose by 30%. An aimual growth rate of 2-3% typifies pharmaceutical companies. 

The issue of chemical safety in relation to the jxoblem of carcinogenicity has had a powerful influence upon events. The development of the control measures required for the prevention of industrial cancers can now be taken as a model for the prevention of other diseases caused by chemical exposures. A consideration of the classic studies of bladder canco in the dyestuff and rubber industries can be used to define all the elements that must be put togetho to establish an effective system for the elimination of a serious... 

The creation of a synthetic rubber industry in the United States was a cooperative endeavor of many petroleum, chemical, and rubber companies. On a war-emergency basis between 1941 and 1944, elastomer production increased from 8,100 to 790,000 tons per year. This major technological accomplishment had much significance of a political and economic nature. By 1957, production capacity of the industry had increased to over 1,200,-000 tons per year. 

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