Industrial by-product

Although more often associated with household and commercial waste, recycling has proven to be very successhil in the industrial arena. Industrial recycling is the recovery for reuse or sale of materials from what otherwise would be wastes destined for disposal (5). Typically, the reclaimable materials employed in industrial recycling may consist of obsolete products, spent materials, industrial by-products or residues, or pollution control products. The recycling of many of these products is so well estabHshed that under standard commercial practices such materials are destined only for recovery, not for disposal. 

Industrial by-products are becoming more widely used as raw materials for cement, eg, slags contain carbonate-free lime, as well as substantial levels of silica and alumina. Fly ash from utility boilers can often be a suitable feed component, because it is already finely dispersed and provides silica and alumina. Even vegetable wastes, such as rice hull ash, provide a source of silica. Probably 50% of all industrial by-products are potential raw materials for Pordand cement manufacture. 

In the former Soviet Union much use is made of industrial by-products to prepare acid inhibitors. The PB class is obtained by treating technical butyraldehyde with ammonia and polymerising the resulting aldehyde-ammonia. PB-5, for example, with O-Ol-O-15% of an arsenic salt is used in 20-25% HCl. A mixture of urotropine (hexamethyleneimine, hexamine) with potassium iodide, a regulator and a foaming agent is the ChM inhibitor. BA-6 is prepared from the condensation product of hexamine with aniline. A more recent development is the Katapin series which consists of /7-alkyl benzyl pyridine chlorides Katapin A, for example, is the /7-dodecyl compound. 

Poly(3HAMCL)s have also been produced from free fatty acid mixtures derived from industrial by-products which are potentially interesting low-cost renewable resources. Isolation and analysis of the polymer allowed the identification of 16 different saturated, mono-unsaturated and di-unsaturated monomers [46]. Except for the presence of diene-containing monomers and a large number of minor components, the composition of the fatty acid mixture derived PHA did not differ significantly from oleic acid derived PHAs. 

Conventional livestock production systems can be very diverse and this diversity is influenced by economic, geographic, environmental and cultural factors. Conventional inputs for direct use in ruminant production include many types of plant feeds (i.e. forages, cereals, soybeans, etc.), industrial by-products (i.e. molasses, distiller s dried grain, meat bone meal, etc.), feed... 

Zinc oxides can be prepared from chemical industry by-product sources and from zinc soaps from a variety of industrial processes. These grades are generally off-coloured and consequently considered of lower grade and offered at lower cost and are confined to use in black compounds. These grades can also vary in consistency, batch to batch, causing cure variation in compounds containing them. 

Johansson, L. Industrial by-products and natural substrata as phosphorus sorbents. Environ. Technol. 1999, 20 (3), 309. 

Whong WZ, Stewart JD, Cutler D, Ong T Induction of in vivo DNA adducts by 4 industrial by-products in the rat-lung-cell system. MutatRes 2 2)A65-m, 1994... 

The N-Viro process for alkaline stabilization of municipal sewage sludge combines dewatered sludge with one or more alkaline industrial by-products. The process destroys pathogens by a... 

Ryan, J. A. Bryndzia, L. T. 1997. Fate and potential effects of trace elements issues in co-utilization of by-products. In Brown, S., Angle, J. S. Jacobs, L. (eds) Beneficial Co-utilization of Agricultural, Municipal, and Industrial By-products. USDA Agricultural Research Service, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Netherlands, 219-233. 

Beneficial Co-utilization of Agricultural, Municipal, and Industrial By-products. USDA Agricultural Research Service, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Netherlands, 9-34. 

On occasions, animal feed has been suspected of deliberate contamination. Incidents involving contamination of animal feed by industrial by-products such as polycylic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and combustion products such as dioxins are not uncommon. A problem with animal feed is that there is sometimes inadequate control over the provenance of feed constituents. For example, spent cooking oil from food-processing plants is a legitimate feed component. Unfortunately, the temptation for the unscrupulous to dispose of other unwanted oils in this way is too great for some. In many cases such adulterants are probably diluted to such an extent that they are undetectable by conventional chemical analyses. Nevertheless, they may still represent a longterm cumulative hazard to consumers of products from animals fed on such material. 

Reference A discloses the discovery and identification of an industrial by-product that has the same structure as compound B. Claim 1 encompasses a compound of structure A, B, C, D, or E (or a salt thereof). Claim 1 separately claims each of the listed compounds meaning that an anticipation of any of those compounds means the entire claim is anticipated.12 Notice that there is no additional limitation on any of the five compounds of claim 1. The claim does not require that the compounds have a specified purity or be present in a minimal amount. Thus the prior art disclosure of compound B contains each and every element of compound B of claim 1, since claim 1 requires only the enabled disclosure of one of its listed compounds and nothing else. However, there might still be a question regarding whether reference A... 

Kringstad, K. (1977). "Forest Industry By-Products as Raw Material for Chemicals and Proteins," Rep. No. 65. Swed. Agency Tech. Dev., Stockholm. (In Swed.)... 

G24 Goldshtein, L. Y. A. Cement Production from Industrial By-Products (Wastes) Utilization, 80pp., Stroyzdat, Leningrad (1985). 

Recovery of industrial by-products—Mannich reactions may help in the conversion of process by-products or residues into more valuable materials, as is evidenced in the cellulose industry, where the recovery of Ca-lignin sulfonate involves employing the aminomethylation reaction to give the Mannich bases of lignin (482 in Chap. IV and 579 in Sec. A.2), which are then used for various applications. ... 

Wood is one of our most important renewable biomass resources. Unlike most biomass sources, wood is available year roimd and is more stable on storage than other agricultural residues. In the United States, wood residues from industrial by-products totaled 60.8 x 10 metric tons in 1993 (73). Increasingly, residues are incorporated into manufactured wood products and are used as a fuel, replacing petroleum, especially at wood-industry plants (73) some is converted to charcoal but most is used in the pulp and paper industry. Residues are also available for manufacturing chemicals, generally at a cost equivalent to their fuel value (see Fuels FROM BIOMASS Fuels from waste). 

In general, xenoestrogens in the environment are separated into those occurring naturally (produced by either plants or fungi) and those produced commercially (e.g., insecticides, herbicides, estrogen-like therapeutics, and industrial by-products). Phytoestrogens and mycoestrogens are found in various... 

Hexachlorobutadiene is an industrial by-product of tetrachloroethylene, trichloroethylene, and perchloro-ethylene production and is used as a solvent for elastomers, heat transfer liquids, transformer fluids, and hydraulic fluids. Hexachlorobutadiene may still be used in certain countries as a fumigant. It is also released during refuse combustion and is found in fly ash. 

Balasundram, N., Sundram, K., and Samman, S. (2006). Phenolic compounds in plants and agri-industrial by-products Antioxidant activity, occurrence, and potential uses. Food Chem. 99,191-203. 

Mamma, D., Kourtoglou, E., and Christakopoulos, P. (2008). Fungal multienzyme production on industrial by-products of the citrus-processing industry. Bioresour. Technol. 99,... 

Some agro-food industry by-products are quite well adapted to alcoholic fermentation. Ethanol obtained by distillation is a good combustible that, as -methanol, can be easily stored and transported, our dual-fuel engines are adapted to its utilization, Fuel savings are actually about 80 %. This ethanol does not demand as strict a rectification as in the case of use in mixture with fuels, The alcoholic degree must be between 90 and 96 Gay Lussac. 

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