Indoor pollutants, lead

See also Clean Air Act (CAA), US Combustion Toxicology Ecotoxicology Environmental Toxicology Lead Ozone Photochemical Oxidants Pollution, Air Indoor Pollution, Soil Pollution, Water Respiratory Tract. 

Finally, emerging data suggest that reactive indoor pollutants may interact with other pollutants and lead to new compounds. For example, Wechsler has shown that ozone, either from office machines or entrained from outdoors, may interact with 4-phenyl-cyclohexene and generate adlehydes. 

Diemel JAL, Brunekreee B, Boleij JSM, Bier-STEKER K and Veenstra SJ (1981) The Arnhem Lead Study indoor pollution and indoor outdoor relationships. Environ Research 25 449 -456. 

Air/liquid (A/L) interface, adsorption of surfactants at, 24 133-138 Air mass zero (AMO) spectrum, 23 37 Air monitoring, for hydrazine, 13 589 Air oxidized pan, 11 194 Air-path XRF, in fine art examination/ conservation, 11 403—404 Air pollutants. See also Nitrogen oxides (NO j Particulate matter Sulfur oxides (SOJ Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) air toxics, 1 789, 801-802 carbon monoxide, 1 789, 798 common, 26 667 criteria pollutants, l 813t indoor, 1 802-805, 820-823, 821t lead, 1 789, 801... 

At the beginning of this book, we presented some discussion of health-based air quality standards. In the final chapter, which follows this one, the scientific bases of control measures for various pollutants are discussed. In between, the complex chemistry that occurs in both polluted and remote atmospheres, and that converts the primary pollutants into a host of secondary species, has been detailed. To provide further perspective on airborne gases and particles and human exposure levels, we briefly treat indoor air pollution in this chapter. As we shall see, for many species it is simply a question of emissions leading to elevated levels indoors. However, there is some chemistry that occurs in indoor atmospheres as well, and it is of interest to compare this to that occurring outdoors. 

Home is the most important setting for infants and young children. They often eat, play, and sleep in the same area. Examples of sources of exposure to pollutants include building materials (e.g. wood treated with arsenic-based pesticides), lead-based paints, insecticides that are sprayed indoors, fuel (e.g. coal and wood) for indoor cooking, disposal practices for domestic waste (e.g. incineration), household chemicals (e.g. solvents), and small-scale enterprises at the family residence (e.g. brick producers who operate low-technology combustion kilns and makers of pottery using lead-based paints). 

Applications. Both industrial emissions reduction and indoor air-pollution abatement uses will grow. For example, the development of adsorbents with higher capacity for removal of radon from humid air could allow the development of a one-bed, delay-for-decay system in wliich radon adsorbs, decays to lead, and is precipitated onto the adsorbent. 

Episodes that lead to acute, non-lethal events are many and varied. They range from accidents in the home with household products to consumption of plant and animal toxins from industrial and transportation accidents to skin contact with certain plants such as poison ivy from consumption of too much alcohol to inhaling of certain air pollutants, both outdoors and indoors, that have for some reason accumulated to unusually high levels. 

Abstract Adsorption and desorption of indoor air pollutants to and from indoor surfaces are important phenomena. Often called sink effects, these processes can have a major impact on the concentration of pollutants in indoor environments and on the exposure of human occupants to indoor air pollutants, Basic theories are used to describe the processes using fundamental equations. These equations lead to models describing sink effects in indoor environments. Experimental studies have been performed to determine the important parameters of the sink models. Studies conducted in dynamic, flow-through environmental test chambers have quantified adsorption and desorption rates for many combinations of indoor air pollutants and interior surfaces. Sink effects have been incorporated into indoor air quality (lAQ) models to predict how adsorption and desorption processes affect... 

In order to change the disordered state of the management of indoor environmental quahty, the National Environmental Protection Agency has been designated as the lead agency for indoor environmental management. It was required to coordinate with other relevant agencies, such as the Department of Construction and the Ministry of Health, to address indoor air pollution problem. 

The selected sample aliquot is inserted into a flow manifold (Fig. 1.3b) and pushed forwards by the carrier/wash stream flowing through narrow-bore (typically 0.3—1.0 mm i.d.) tubing. During sample handling inside the analytical path, there is no physical contact between the sample and the external environment (and vice versa). Analyte losses leading to biased results and/or to indoor environmental pollution are therefore... 

What can be done to combat radon pollution indoors The first step is to measure the radon level in the basement with a rehable test kit. Short-term and long-term kits are available (Figure 17.28). The short-term tests use activated charcoal to collect the decay products of radon over a period of several days. The container is sent to a laboratory where a technician measures the radioactivity (y rays) from radon-decay products lead-214 and bismuth-214. Knowing the length of exposure, the lab technician back-calculates to determine radon concentration. The long-term test kits use a piece of special polymer film on which an a particle will leave a track. After several months exposure, the film is etched with a sodium hydroxide solution and the num-... 

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