Environmental ecotoxicology

See also Analytical Toxicology Biomarkers, Environmental Ecotoxicology Effluent Biomonitoring Environmental Toxicology Microtox Photochemical Oxidants Pollution, Water Risk Assessment, Ecological. 

The fast evolution of safety data sheets in the regulatory legislation of countries and the continents (for example. Ref. 5) as well as environmental ecotoxicology and the regulation of potential health risks... 

C. Tomlin, ed.. The Pesticides Manual A World Compendium, Incorporating the Agrochemicals Handbook, 10th ed.. The British Crop Protection Council and The Royal Society of Chemistry, Crop Protection PubHcations, Cambridge, U.K., 1994. Includes 725 entries by common name in alphabetic order, with chemical stmcture, chemical name(s), molecular formula, CAS Registry Number, physicochemical properties, commercialisation, mode of action, uses, trade names, analytical methods, mammalian toxicology, ecotoxicology, and environmental fate. 

The ECOTOXicology database is a source for locating single chemical toxicity data for aquatic life, terrestrial plants and wildlife. ECOTOX integrates three toxicology effects databases AQUIRE (aquatic life), PHYTOTOX (terrestrial plants), and TERRETOX (terrestrial wildlife). These databases were created by the U.S. EPA, Office of Research and Development (ORD), and the National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laborator) (NHEERL), Mid-Continent Ecology Division... 

Hadjispyreu S, Kungeles A, Anagncstcpeules A (2001) Toxicity, bioaccumulation, and interactive effects ef organotin, cadmium, and chromium on Artemia franciscana. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 49 179-186. 

Ecotoxicology deals with the study of the harmful effects of chemicals in ecosystems. This includes harmful effects upon individuals, although the ultimate concern is about how these are translated into changes at the levels of population, commnnity, and ecosystem. Thns, in the conclnding sections of the chapter, emphasis will move from the distribntion and environmental concentrations of pollutants to conseqnent effects at the levels of the individnal, population, community, and ecosystem. The relationship between environmental exposure (dose) and harmful effect (response) is fundamentally important here, and full consideration will be given to the concept of biomarkers, which is based on this relationship and which can provide the means of relating environmental levels of chemicals to consequent effects npon individuals, populations, communities, and ecosystems. 

Schuurmann, G. and Marker , B. (Eds.) (1998). Ecotoxicology—A multiauthor work giving a very detailed account of the environmental fate of certain chemicals. 

The next eight chapters will be devoted to the ecotoxicology of groups of compounds that have caused concern on account of their real or perceived environmental effects and have been studied both in the laboratory and in the field. These are predominantly compounds produced by humans. However, a few of them, for example, methyl mercury, methyl arsenic, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), are also naturally occurring. In this latter case, there can be difficulty in distinguishing between human and natural sources of harmful chemicals. 

Herbicides constitute a large and diverse class of pesticides that, with a few exceptions, have very low mammalian toxicity and have received relatively little attention as environmental pollutants. Much of the work in the held of ecotoxicology and much environmental risk assessment has focused on animals, especially vertebrate animals. There has perhaps been a tendency to overlook the importance of plants in the natural world. Most plants belong to the lowest trophic levels of ecosystems, and animals in higher trophic levels are absolutely dependent on them for their survival. 

Apart from the use of this approach to study the ecotoxicology of neurotoxic pollutants in the field, it also has potential for use during the course of environmental risk assessment. An understanding of the relationship between biomarker responses to neurotoxic compounds and effects at the population level can be gained from both field studies and the use of mesocosms and other model systems. From these it may be possible to define critical thresholds in biomarker responses of indicator species above which population effects begin to appear. In the longer term, this approach... 

Ecotoxicology is primarily concerned with effects of chemicals on populations, communities, and ecosystems, but the trouble is that field studies are expensive and difficult to perform and can only be employed to a limited extent. In the main, environmental risk assessment of pesticides and certain other chemicals has to be... 

Ankley, G.T., Degitz, S.J., and Diamond, S.A. et al. (2004). Assessment of enviromnental stressors potentially responsible for malformations in North American annran amphibians. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 58, 7-16. 

Atchison, G.J., Sandheinrich, M.B., and Bryan, M.D. (1996). Effects of environmental stressors on interspecific interactions of aquatic animals. In M.C. Newman and C.H. Jagoe (Eds.), Quantitative Ecotoxicology A Hierarchical Approach. Lewis, Chelsea, Ml. 

Balaguer, R, Fenet, H., and Georget, V. et al. (2000). Reporter cell lines to monitor steroid and antisteroid potential of environmental samples. Ecotoxicology 9, 105-114. 

Bjerregaard, L.B., Korsgaard, B., and Bjerregaard, P. (2006). Intersex in wild roach (Rutilus ruti-lus) from Danish sewage effluent-receiving streams. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 64, 321-328. 

Caquet, T., Lagadic, L., and Sheffield, S.R. (2000). Mesocosms in ecotoxicology (1) Outdoor aquatic systems. Reviews in Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 165, 1-38. 

De Voogt, R (1996). Ecotoxicology of chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons. In Chlorinated Organic Micropollutants, No 6 in series Issues in Environmental Science and Technology. R.E. Hester and R.M. Harrison (Eds.) Royal Society of Chemistry 89-112. 

Evers, D.C., Savoy, L.J., and DeSorbo, C.R. et al. (2008). Adverse effects from environmental mercury loads on breeding common loons. Ecotoxicology 17, 69-81. 

Forbes, V.E. and Calow, P. (1999). Is the per capita rate of increase a good measure of population-level effects in ecotoxicology Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 18, 1544-1556. 

Kedwards, T.J., Maund, S.J., and Chapman, PE. (1999a and 1999b). Community level analysis of ecotoxicological field studies 1 Biological Monitoring and 11 Replicated design studies. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 18, 149-157 and 158-166. 

Matthiessen, P., Sheahan, D., and Harrison, R. et al. (1995). Use of a Gammarus pulex bioassay to measure the effects of transient carbofuran runoff from farmland. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 30, 111-119. 

Sancho, E., Ferrando, M.D., and Andreu, E. (1997). Response and recovery of brain acetylcholinesterase activity in the European eel, Anguilla anguilla, exposed to fenitrothion. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 38, 205-209. 

Santos, M.M., Reis-Henriques, M.A., and Vieira, M.N. et al. (2006). Triphenyltin and tribu-tyltin, single and in combination, promote imposex in the gastropod Bolinus brandaris. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 64, 155-162. 

Strmac, M. and Braunbeck, T. (1999). Effects of triphenyltin acetate on survival, hatching success, and liver ultrastructure of early life stages of zebrafish (Danio rerio). Ecotoxicology and Environmental 44, 25-39. 

Van Straalen, N.M. (2003). Ecotoxicology becomes stress. Environmental Science and Technology. September 1, 2003, 324—330. 

Walker, C.H. (1998c). The use of biomarkers to measure the interactive effects of chemicals. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 40, 65-70. 

Keeping the same format as the first edition, the text begins with coverage of the basic principles underpinning the environmental behavior and effects of organic pollutants. It then describes the properties and ecotoxicology of major pollutants and explores future prospects. In the last section, the author discusses some issues that arise after consideration of the material in the second part of the text. 

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