Toxicology, lead

Cohne AJ, Roe FJC. 1991. Review of lead toxicology relevant to the safety assessment of lead acetate as a hair colouring. Fd Chem Toxic 29(7) 485-507. 

Lutz, P.M. et al., Elevated immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels in children with exposure to environmental lead, Toxicology, 134, 63, 1999. 

Nervous system—Diseases. 2. Lead—Toxicology. 3. Neurotoxic agents. 4. Developmental neurology. 

Graebner, W., 1987. Hegemony through science information engineering and lead toxicology, 1925—1965. In Rosner, D., Markowitz, G. (Eds.), Dying for Work Workers Safety and Health in Twentieth-Century America. Indiana University Press, Indianapolis, IN, pp. 140-159. 

Whatever the level of knowledge internationally about human lead poisoning in this period, the first several decades of the twentieth century produced clear evidence of experimental lead poisoning. By the late 1930s, summaries of these reports appeared in the international lead toxicology literature and Chemical Abstracts, with numerous studies quantifying the nature and extent of toxic outcomes in a variety of experimental animals. Illustrative experimental animal studies are summarized in Table 11.4. These illustrative... 

Lead induces numerous adverse effects involving multiple tissues, organs, and systems, but not aU of them are of equal relevance or gravity for human health nor are all of them well characterized for risk assessment purposes. Chapter 21, in much the same fashion as the rest of this monograph, does not offer an indiscriminate compendium of the universality of adverse effects but rather is a selective treatment of those toxic effects of current principal concern to lead toxicology and public health, documented as to data reliability. 

An earlier discussion in this book concerned the interactive relationship of lead research and lead regulatory and health policy (Mushak, 1991 NAS/ NRC, 1993). This part on health risk assessment for lead demonstrates an analogous relationship for research and risk assessment as depicted in Figure 20.1. New scientific research data on lead toxicology and epidemiology are used to quantify lead risk assessment. Remaining research gaps in... 

Skilleter DN (1984) Biochemical properties of beryllium potentially relevant to its carcinogenicity. Toxicol Environ Chem 7 213-228 Skreb Y, Habazin-Novak V (1977) Lead induced modification of the response to X-rays in human cells in culture. Stud Biophys 63 97-103 Skreb Y, Habazin-Novak V, Hors N (1981) The rate of DNA synthesis in Hela cells during combined long-term and acute exposures to lead. Toxicology 19 1-10 Snow ET (1991) A possible role for chromium (III) in genotoxicity. Environ Health Perspect 92 75-81... 

Water-pipes—Materials—History. 2. Lead—Environmental aspects— History. 3. Lead—Toxicology—History. 4. Drinking water—Lead content— History. 5. Pipe, Lead—History. 6. Lead poisoning—History. I. Title. 

It is apparent that the extent of sublethal lead toxicity in humans may be best addressed by studies that consider control populations possessing natural (i.e., preindustrial) lead burdens, as well as state-of-the-art, trace-metal-clean techniques and advanced instrumentation. Trace-metal-clean techniques are required to prevent the inadvertent lead contamination of samples, which has plagued many previous analyses of environmental and human lead levels. Advanced instrumentation is required to provide the sentivity, accuracy, and precision that are needed to quantify the sublethal effects of lead concentrations at environmental levels of exposure. Fortunately, methodologies utilizing these advancements are now capable of addressing many of the important issues (e.g., lead biomolecular speciation, low exposure effects) in environmental and human lead toxicology. 

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