Stabilization individual differences

J. Berkhouf and B.G. Walter, Temporal stability and individual differences in human EEG. An analysis of variance of spectral values. IEEE Trans. 

Reliability Challenges the subject to maintain cognitive output Provides test-retest stability Reflects trait-like inter-individual differences... 

The serum levels of both DHEA and androstendione decline markedly with age in both men and women (R9). DHEA and its sulfate (DHEAS), the major circulating form of DHEA, are considered to be hormone markers for aging, including cross-sectional and longitudinal linear decreases, as well as having significant stability of individual differences over time. In addition, the administration of DHEAS has been shown to enhance immune function in aging mice (D2, D4). In elderly women, serum DHEAS levels are directly correlated with bone density... 

The catalytic activities of metal ion-exchanged TSMs for the methanol conversion are individually different, depending on the metal ion. Figure 8 shows the attractive reactions found in this study. It is of particular interest that the catalytic activity of copper varies depending on the oxidation state. Cu -TSM is inactive, whereas Cu " - and Cu°-TSMs catalyze selectively the dehydrogenation of methanol to methyl formate and to formaldehyde, respectively. Cu -TSM has potential for practical use because of its high stability and high selectivity for the methly formate formation. 

The structure-based thermodynamic method combines the derived binding free energy model with the formalism which computes probabilities of individual amino acids being folded in native-like conformations and thereby allows to determine structural stability of different protein regions [48-53]. In a single site thermodynamic mutation approach, the cooperativity of in-... 

In addition to the large individual differences that may exist among people we think are all in the same d-SoC, there are sit from one d-SoC to another. In discussing stabilization processes, I mentioned that some people seem overstabilized and others understabilized. The former may be able to experience only a few d-SoCs, while the latter may transit often and effortlessly into d-ASCs. Understabilized people may undergo breakdown of the ordinary d-SoC and be unable to form a new d-ASC, unable to organize consciousness into a stable coping form. Some types of schizophrenia may represent this understabilized mode of consciousness. 

Neptunium gives a series of reactions analogous to those of uranium, but the individual stabilities are different, thus NpOg is particularly stable (Table 104). A reagent as powerful as cerium(IV) sulphate is required to oxidise Np02 to NpO +. Furthermore, the disproportionation of the NpOg" ion occurs only very slowly in solution ... 

Biophysical studies on membrane lipids coupled with biochemical and genetic manipulation of membrane lipid composition have established that the L state of the membrane bilayer is essential for cell viability. However, membranes are made up of a vast array of lipids that have different physical properties, can assume individually different physical arrangements, and contribute collectively to the final physical properties of the membrane. Animal cell membranes are exposed to a rather constant temperature, pressure, and solvent environment and therefore do not change their lipid makeup dramatically. The complex membrane lipid composition that includes cholesterol stabilizes mammalian cell membranes in the L phase over the variation in conditions they encounter. Microorganisms are... 

Many similarities, and strong dissimilarities of the known enzymes have been mentioned above. They are all identical in that a nucleotide-binding protein, with redox-active cysteine/cystine residues, combines with another metal-containing polypeptide or a metal coenzyme in which radical intermediates can be generated and stabilized. The binding protein carries several nucleotide sites so that reaction rates are influenced by allosteric effects, with the same specificity pattern everywhere. On closer inspection it becomes apparent that the considerable individual differences in subunit composition and in the nature of the second, catalytic component can indeed be integrated into a general concept of ribonucleotide reduction. 

Thoman,E.B., and Whitney,M.P. (1990) Behavioral States in Infants Individual Differences and Individual Analyses, in Individual Differences in Infancy Reliability, Stability and Prediction (Colombo, J., and Fagan, J., eds.) pp. 135-143 Lawrence Erl-baum Associates, Hillside, NJ. 

It must be noted that in the case of FP, the logic behind recruiting several panellists is slightly different from that of conventional profiling. Because of inter-individual differences in sensitivity and performances, it is necessary in conventional profiling to stabilize the panel s outcome by the use of several panellists. In however, the panellists responses are seen as complementary measures instead of repeated measures. Actually, the use of an FCP procedure accounts for the fact that subjects perceptions may differ in nature, not only in terms of sensitivity. Consequently, the selection criteria are perhaps more important to the quality of the description than the number of recruited subjects. 

J, Fagen J, eds. Individual Differences in Infancy Reliability, Stability, Prediction. Hillsdale, NJ Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Pp. 229-245. 

In an ideal gas, individual molecules are so far apart on average that we assume they do not attract or repel each other. This description works well at temperatures significantly far from a phase boundary however, in the case of other phases of matter (solids, liquids, or other condensed states), the forces between molecules become critically important and drive the structure of the phase. To discuss and understand the factors that determine the stability of different types of soft matter, we must have a good understanding of the different forces that can act between molecules. There are only a few fundamental forces in the universe, and in materials science, electromagnetism dominates. Essentially all of the intermolecu-lar forces described here result from the electromagnetic force, but this interaction can manifest in a variety of interesting ways. 

Such a value for relative temperature index will be specific to a particular grade of a polymer, sometimes even to a specific colour. The difference between grades of a particular species of polymer can be substantial, depending both on the variation in the inherent stability of a material between differing manufacturing methods and also on the type and amount of additives used. It is possible to obtain from the Laboratories a Generic Temperature Index to cover a species of material but this will usually be considerably lower than for many of the individual grades within that species. 

Generally the name of a compound should correspond to the most stable tautomer (76AHCS1, p. 5). This is often problematic when several tautomers have similar stabilities, but is a simple and reasonable rule whose violation could lead to naming phenol as cyclohexadienone. Different types of tautomerism use different types of nomenclature. For instance, in the case of annular tautomers both are named, e.g., 4(5)-methylimidazole, while for functional tautomerism, usually the name of an individual tautomer is used because to name all would be cumbersome. In the case of crystal structures, the name should reflect the tautomer actually found therefore, 3-nitropyrazole should be named as such (97JPOC637) and not as 3(5)-nitropyrazole. 

This technique provides quantitative information about tautomeric equilibria in the gas phase. The results are often complementary to those obtained by mass spectrometry (Section VII,E). In principle, gas-phase proton affinities, as determined by ICR, should provide quantitative data on tautomeric equilibria. The problem is the need to correct the measured values for the model compounds, generally methyl derivatives, by the so-called N-, 0-, or S-methylation effect. Since the difference in stability between tautomers is generally not too large (otherwise determination of the most stable tautomer is trivial) and since the methylation effects are difficult to calculate, the result is that proton affinity measurements allow only semi-quantitative estimates of individual tautomer stabilities. This is a problem similar to but more severe than that encountered in the method using solution basicities (76AHCS1, p. 20). 

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