Moths Indian meal

Identification of 9,12-tetradecadienyl (9,12-14) compounds began with studies on two cosmopolitan pests of stored products, the almond moth (Cadra cmtella, Pyralidae Phycitinae) and the Indian meal moth (Plodia interpunctella, Phycitinae) [38,39]. This 9,12-14 structure has been reported from another 13 Pyralidae (only in Phycitinae) species and 11 Noctuidae species (9 species in Amphipyrinae, and 1 species each in Hadeninae and Plusiinae). These two families, however, are not closely related. Most likely, the females classified in distant groups happened to produce the same chemical in the train of their perpetual evolution of modifying the original systems for pheromone biosynthesis. The 5,7-dodecadienyl (5,7-12) structure is a carbon skeleton common... 

Low levels of resistance have been reported for some populations of Indian meal moth, almond moth, and red flour beetle populations in stored peanuts in the southeastern United States (Zettler et al., 1989), but no assessments are available for phosphine resistance in insect populations in mills, warehouses, processing plants, and other structural facilities. Phosphine can be corrosive to metals, particularly copper, electrical wiring, and electronic equipment (Bond et al., 1984), which limits its application in food processing facilities and warehouses. A new formulation of phosphine, in which phosphine gas is combined with carbon dioxide and released from a cylinder, alleviates some but not all of the corrosive effects of phosphine and is labeled for use as a structural treatment. 

Cogbum, R.R. and Vick, K.W. 1981. Distribution of angoumois grain moth, almond moth, and indian meal moth in rice fields and rice storage in Texas as indicated by pheromone-baited adhesive traps. Environ. Entomol. 10, 1003-1007. 

Hunter, D.K., Collier, S.S., and Hoffman, D.F. 1977. Granulosis virus of the Indian meal moth as a protectant for stored in shell almonds. J. Econ. Entomol. 70, 493-494. 

McGaughey, W.H. and Beeman, R.W. 1988. Resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis in colonies of Indian meal moth and almond moth (Lepidoptera Pyralidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 81, 28-33. 

Kuwahara, Y., Kitamura, C., Takahashi, S., , H., Ishii, S. and Fukami, H. (1971). Sex pheromone of the almond moth and the Indian meal moth cis-9, trans-12-tetradecadienyl acetate. Science 171 801-802. 

Both the Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella, and the almond moth, Cadra cautella, utilize (, Ej-9,12-tetradecadienyl acetate as a primary sex pheromone (92, 93). In addition, (Z -9-tetradecen-l-ol has been identified as part of the sex pheromone of C. cautella (94). Significantly, attraction of almond moth males to their females is strongly inhibited in the presence of Indian meal moth females (95). These results emphasize the probable presence of secondary components in the sex pheromone blend that may play key roles in jamming the olfactory responses of closely-related and sympatric species. 

Indian meal moth (Plodia interpunctella) Bt var. kurstaki Bt var. aizawai... 

Reduced binding of toxin is a primary mechanism of insect resistance to Cry proteins (Ferre and Van Rie, 2002). Resistance of the Indian meal moth to Bt was due to a 50-fold reduction in affinity of the membrane receptor (from brush borer membrane vesicles of larval midguts) for 5-endotoxin. In pinkbollworms, Bt resistance is associated with reduced binding of CrylAb to the brush borer membrane vesicle. Similarly, CrylAc resistance in diamondback moths was demonstrated to be due to dramatically reduced target binding. 

In addition to carboxylesterases, another hydrolyzing enzyme, proteinase, is also involved in resistance. Oppert et al. (1997) showed that two Bt-resistant strains of the Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella, lack a major gut proteinase that activates Bt protoxins as compared with susceptible strains. The absence of this enzyme is genetically linked to larval susceptibility to the toxin. 

Animals. Manduca sexta larvae were reared on an agar-based diet (11) at 28 C and 60% relative humidity with a 16-h photophase. The Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella Hubner, and American cockroach, Periplaneta americana L., were taken from laboratory cultures. Dissection was performed under anesthesia by cooling to 5°C (12). 

Previously described methods were used to assess larvlcldal activity in the fall armyworm, Spodoptera fruglperda (J.E. Smith) (1 ) and in the Indian meal moth, Plodla interpunctella (Hiibner) (20). ... 

Wettable powder formulations of pyrethrins synergized with PRO were found to be longer-lasting for surface sprays against Indian meal moth, Plodia stuer-puncteila (Hubner), than water-diluted emulsions (Kanlack and Laudani, 1957. This is because of absorption of the active material into surface substrates when emulsion concentrates are used, whereas wettable powders leave a residual surface deposit, even if the water penetrates the surface,... 

Attia, F.I.. Shanahan, G.J and Shipp, E. (1980). Synergism studies with orjymophos-phorus resistant strains of the Indian meal moth. J. Econ. Entomol. 73, 184 185. 

Kan tack, B.H. and Landau i, H. (1957), Comparative laboratory tests with emulsion and wcltablo-powder residues against the Indian-meal moth. J. Ecan. Entomol. 50, 513-514. 

Potential for fir resistance. During the relatively short gap in time between discovery and commercialization of rDNA insecticides, researchers will hopefully have an opportunity to explore an important potential limitation to the use of Br-based insecticides-the development of resistance. In 1985, McGaughey reported evidence for the only documented case of Bt resistance in a field population of insects (291. The Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella, is a lepidopteran pest of stored grain that was successfully controlled with Bt variety kurstaki for several years. However, McGaughey s study showed that an observed decline in the efficacy of Bt was due to the development of resistance among treated Plodia populations. 

Kellen, W.R. and Hoffmann, D.F. (1987) Laboratory studies on the dissemination of a granulosis virus by healthy adults of the Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Lepidoptera Pyralidae). Environmental Entomology 16, 1231-1234. 

McGaughey, W.H. (1985) Evaluation of Bacillus thuringiensis for controlling Indian meal moths in farm grain bins and elevator silos. Journal of Economic Entomology 78, 1089-1094. 

The pirate bug has been used to control insects such as the Indian meal moth in stored grain.196 Stored grain can also be protected from insects by an atmosphere of carbon dioxide.197 Insects in library and museum materials can be killed by keeping the materials under nitrogen for 8-10 days.198 Another method is to heat to 140°F (60°C) for 2-4h. Freezing to —20 to —40°C. works if the temperature is reduced within 24 h. 

Mullen, M.A., Wileyto, E.P., and Arthur, F.H. 1998. Influence of trap design and location on the capture of Plodia interpunctella (Indian meal moth) (Lepidoptera Pyralidae) in a release-recapture study. J. Stored Prod. Res. 34, 33-36. 

Certain Insects such as the Indian meal moth (Plodla Interpunctella) and saw tooth grain beetle (Oryzaephllus surlnamensls) Infest dried fruits. It seems reasonable that... 

Na, J.H, Hong, E.I., and Ryoo, M.l. 2008. Protection of chocolate products from Indian meal moth by adding cinnamon extract to the adhesive on the wrapping. Korean J. Appl. Entomol. 47(4) 491-495. 

Pissodes strobi White pine weevil Coleoptera Curculionidae Plodia interpunctella Indian meal moth Lepidoptera Pyralidae Prays citri... 

Mankin, R. W., Vick, K. W., Mayer, M. S. and Coffelt, J. A. (1980b) Anemotactic response threshold of the Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hiibner) (Lepidoptera Pyralidae) to its sex pheromone. J. Chem. Ecol., 6, 919-28. 

Podoler, H. (1974) Effects of intraspecific competition in the Indian meal-moth Plodia interpunctella Hiibner) (Lepidoptera Phycitidae) on populations of the moth and its parasite Nemeritis canescens (Gravenhorst) (Hymenoptera Ichneumonidae). J. Anim. Ecol., 43, 641-51. 

Although the discovery of the requirement for EFA as a dietary constituent was first made on the rat, and considerable information has been obtained by the study of this species, the necessity of these acids has been found to be very widespread. Fraenkel and Blewett (1946) demonstrated that the EFA are required by certain insects, such as the Mediterranean flour moth (Ephestia kUhniella), the tobacco moth (E. eiUdla), the fig moth (E. cautella), and the Indian-meal moth Phdia interpunctella (Lep.)). 

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