Waste from high-level

The above information was used to develop conceptual flowsheets for the extraction of all of the actinides (U, Np, Pu, Am, and Cm) from high-level liquid waste from PUREX processing using 0.4 M 0fuel using 0.8 M DHDECMP in DEB. In both flowsheets, no oxidation state of Pu is necessary since the III, IV, and VI state extract into the organic phase. 

Conceptual flowsheet for the extraction of actinides from high-level liquid waste using 0.4 M 0<)>D[IB]CMP0 in DEB. 

Goldberg [44], surprisingly high concentrations were detected for the former 16, 000 Bq/kg, for the latter 43,000-46,000 Bq/kg. All these data indicate that technetium should be carefully recovered in reprocessing plants. The systematic recovery of technetium together with elements of the platinum group from high level wastes have been discussed by Kubota [45],... 

Manchanda, V.K., Pathak, P.N., Rao, A.K. 2004. Di(2-ethylhexyl) pivalamide (D2EHPVA) A promising extractant for selective removal of uranium from high level nuclear waste solutions. Solvent Extr. Ion Exch. 22 (3) 353-375. 

Mathur, J.N., Murali, M.S., Ruikar, RB. et al. 1998. Degradation, clean-up and reusability of octylphenyl-N,N-diisobutyl-carbamoylmethylphosphine oxide (CMPO) during partitioning of minor actinides from high level waste (HLW) solution. Sep. Sci. Technol. 33 (14) 2179-2196. 

Chitnis, R.R., Wattal, P.K., Ramanujam, A. et al. 1999. Recovery of actinides extracted by TRUEX solvent from high-level waste using complexing agents II. Counter-current studies. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 240 (3) 727-730. 

Liu, X., Liang, J., Xu, J. 2004. Simplified Chinese TRPO process to extract and recover transuranium elements from high-level waste. Solvent Extr. Ion Exch. 22 (2) 163-173. 

Dhami, P.S., Chitnis, R.R., Gopalakrishnan, V. et al. 2001. Studies on the partitioning of actinides from high level waste using a mixture of HDEHP and CMPO as extractant. 

Simon, N., Toumois, B., Eymard, S. et al. 2004. Cs selective extraction from high level liquid wastes with crown calixarenes Where are we today Atalante, Nimes, France, June 21-25, pp. 1-57. 

Moyer, B.A., Bazelaire, E., Bonnesen, P.V. et al. 2005. Next generation extractants for cesium separation from high-level waste From fundamental concepts to site implementation. FY 2005 Annual Report, Environmental Management Science Program, Project 73803. 

Naik, P.W. Dhami, P.S. Misra, S.K. Jambunathan, U. Mathur, J.N. Use of organo-phosphorus extractants impregnated on silica gel for the extraction chromatographic separation of minor actinides from high level waste solutions, J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 257 (2003) 327-332. 

Madic, C., Blanc, P., Condamines, N., Baron, P., Berthon, L., Nicol, C., Pozo, C., Lecomte, M., Philippe, M., Masson, M., Hequet, C., Hudson, M.J. 1994. Actinide partitioning from high level liquid waste using the DIAMEX process. RECOD 94, April, London, UK. 

Hirano, H., Koma, K., Koyama, T. 2002. Waste minimization in actinides(IH)/ lanthanides(III) separation process from high-level liquid waste. 7th Information Exchange Meeting on Actinide and Fission Product Partitioning and Transmutation, October, Jeju, Republic of Korea. 

The disposition of the radioactive waste resulting from spent nuclear-fuel reprocessing is one of the major problems of nuclear technology. Many of these wastes are high-level (HLW) and present a potential environmental hazard. Because of the expense associated with long-term storage, it is desirable to minimize the volume of radioactive waste and store it as material with maximal chemical stability to avoid the dissipation of radionuclides in the environment. 

Filippov, E.A., Dzekun, E.G., Nardova, A.K. Mamakin, I.V., Gelis, V.M., Mityutin, V.V. Application of crown-ethers and ferrocyanide-based inorganic materials for cesium and strontium recovery from high-level radioactive wastes. In Proc. Symp. Waste Management, Tucson, AZ, Vol. 2, 1992, pp. 1021-1024. 

Chinese scientists used trialkyl phosphine oxides (TRPO) to remove long-lived radioactive nuclides from high-level liquid waste (67, 167). TRPO is the trademark of a Chinese commercial product, consisting of a mixture of several TRPO (with alkyl chains from hexyl to octyl). The TRPO process has been tested in China and at ITU in Karlsruhe (2, 168-174). 

Leonard, R. A., S. B. Aase, H. A. Arafat, et al. 2001a. Development of an Improved 2-cm Centrifugal Contactor for Cesium Removal from High-Level Waste. Argonne National Laboratory Report ANL-01/23, Argonne, IL. 

Certain incidental wastes that arise from fuel reprocessing or further processing of reprocessing wastes have been excluded from high-level waste on a case-by-case basis. 

As part of this study, proposed radioactive waste classification systems that differ from the existing classification system in the United States were reviewed and evaluated. Of particular interest is the classification system currently recommended by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). This classification system and the disposal options for each waste class are summarized in Table 1.2. The basic waste classification system consists of exempt waste, low-and intermediate-level waste, and high-level waste. 

EPA s current definition of high-level waste was first developed in 1985 (EPA, 1985) and is contained in 40 CFR Part 191 (EPA, 1993a). This definition defers to NWPA, and spent fuel is defined separately from high-level waste as in the Act. Thus, EPA has adopted the traditional, source-based definition of high-level waste. 

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