Incas

The fundamental goal in the production and appHcation of composite materials is to achieve a performance from the composite that is not available from the separate constituents or from other materials. The concept of improved performance is broad and includes increased strength or reinforcement of one material by the addition of another material. This is the well-known purpose in the alloying of metals and in the incorporation of chopped straw into clay for bricks by the ancient Egyptians and plant fibers into pottery by the Incas and Mayans. These ancient productions of composite materials consisted of reinforcing britde materials with fibrous substances. In both cases the mechanics of the reinforcement was such as to reduce and control the production of cracks in the brittle material during fabrication or drying (2). 

Titanium and Titanium Mlloys Tungsten and Tungsten Mlloys Z,incA.lloy Die Castings... 

Cold-hammering was used in the late Stone Age to produce plates of gold for ornamental purposes, and this metal has always been synonymous with beauty, wealth and power. Considerable quantities were accumulated by ancient peoples. The coffin of Tutankhamun (a minor Pharaoh who was only 18 when he died) contained no less than 112 kg of gold, and the legendary Aztec and Inca hoards in Mexico and Peru were a major reason for the Spanish conquests of Central and South America in the early sixteenth century. Today, the greatest hoard of gold is the 30000 tonnes of bullion (i.e. bars) lying in the vaults of the US Federal Reserve Bank... 

The oldest effective drug for the treatment of this disease is indisputably quinine. Although the antipyretic activity of cinchona bark was known to the Incas, it remained for the Jesuit missionaries to uncover its antimalarial properties in the early seventeenth century. The advance of organic chemistry led to the isolation and identification of the alkaloid, quinine, as the active compound at the turn of this century. The emerging clinical importance of this drug led up to the establishment of cinchona plantations in the Dutch East Indies. This very circum-... 

Non-Homogeneous CA a characteristic feature of all CA rules defined so far has been that of homogeneity - each cell of the system evolves according to the same rule 0. Hartman and Vichniac [hartSfi] were the first to systematically study a class of inhomogeneous CA (INCA), in which the state-transition rules are allowed to vary from cell to cell. The simplest such example is one where there are only two different 0 s, which are randomly distributed throughout the lattice. Kauffman has studied the other extreme in which the lattice is randomly populated with all 2 possible boolean functions of k inputs. The results of such studies, as well as the relationship with the dynamics of random, mappings, are covered in detail in chapter 8.3. 

HBV, hepatitis B HCV, hepatitis C IAP, inhibitor of apoptosis protein DBM, IAP binding motifs INCA, inhibitory CARD NASH, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis PCD, programmed cell death PCI, pan-caspase inhibitor OA, osteoarthritis RA, rheumatoid arthritis Smac, second mitochondria-derived activator of caspases TRAIL, tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand. 

Eriedlander, Max Julius and Jakob Rosenberg, Die Gemalde von Incas Cranach (Berlin Deutsche Verein fur Kunstwissenschaft, 1932). 

Rasmussen RL, Morse JG, Morse KW (2004) Main Group elements. In Meyers RA (ed.) Encyclopedia of Physical Science and Technology - Inorganic Chemistry. Elsevier Science, URL ... 

ICRP. 1990. Age-dependent doses to members of the public from intake of radionuclides Part 1. The International Commission on Radiological Protection. ICRP publication 56. New York, NY Pergamon Press, http //www.elsevier.com/inca/publications. December 12, 2000. 

Madder, also known as Turkey red, is a scarlet dye extracted from perennial herbaceous plants of the order Rubiacea, of which there are about 35 species (Chenciner 2001 Farnsworth 1951). A well-known plant from this order is Rubia tinctorum, found naturally in Palestine and Egypt, abundant in Asia and Europe, and extensively cultivated in the ancient world, was widely used for production of the dye since remote antiquity. The use of madder for dyeing seems to have originated in the Middle East it was identified in many textiles found in Egyptian tombs and in woolen fabrics from the Judean Desert in Palestine. It was also used by the ancient Persians, Greeks, and Romans. Madder from other varieties of Rubiacea plants were used by the Incas in ancient Peru (Schaefer 1941 Fieser 1930). 

McKay, D.M., Benjamin, M., Baca-Estrada, M., D Inca, R., Croitoru, K. and Perdue, M.H. (1995) Role of T lymphocytes in secretory response to an enteric nematode parasite. Studies in athymic rats. Digestive Disease Sciences 40, 331-337. 

Mortar, a mixture of lime, sand, and water, has been used in construction for thousands of years. The Appian Way, many early Roman and Greek buildings, and the Great Wall of China were constructed using mortar containing lime. In the Western Hemisphere, the Incas and Mayans used lime in mortar. The composition of mortar can vary rather widely, but the usual composition is about one-fourth lime, three-fourths sand, and a small amount of water to make the mixture into a paste. Essential ingredients are a solid such as sand and lime that is converted to Ca(OH)2 by reaction with water. 

Coca has long been known to the Indians of the Andes region, who chewed the leaves for stimulation and increased endurance (Rudgley 1999). The coca leaf was an important part of the Inca culture. Knowledge of the plant spread to western cultures with colonialism, but wide-... 

It is interesting to note that most of our modern uses of chili peppers are preceded by ancient Mesoamericans. Capsaicin, the active chemical constituent, is used today as an irritant in self-defense sprays, and dried chilis were burned by the Inca to blind the invading Spaniards. Just as we apply capsaicin for analgesia, native Americans used to rub chili on the gums to relieve the pain of a toothache. Eunuchs serving Chinese Emperors were castrated after hot pepper extracts were chronically applied to their scrotums. 

The Interuniversity Consortium Chemistry for the Environment, INCA, and the University of Ca Foscari are gratefully acknowledged for the support to this work. 

Black, D. StC., in Green Chemistry Series No. 1 Collection of Lectures of the Summer Schools on Green Chemistry, 2nd ed., P. Tundo (Ed.) INCA, Mestre, Italy, 2002, pp. 187-197. 

The Ca Foscari University of Venice and National Interuniversity Consortium, Chemistry for the Environment (INCA), Venice, Italy... 

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