In snow

The developed assay was successfully applied for the arsenite and arsenate determination in contaminated waters of the gold recovery plant and in snow covers of the industrial anthropogenic sources vicinities as well. The data produced are in a good agreement with the results of independent methods atomic absorptioin and atomic emission spectrometry and capillary electrophoresis. 

Na is a very reactive substance which is never found free in nature. It is not generally used as an incendiary agent as such but, because of its tendency not only to float on w, but also to ignite spontaneously in contact with it, it may be added to napalm for use against river targets or enemy positions in rice paddy fields or in snow (Ref 7, p 103 Ref 4, pp 28-29)... 

Rain samples collected from around the Great Lakes contained both a- and P-endosulfan (Strachan and Huneault 1979). Mean concentrations of a-endosulfan in rain samples from the Great Lakes ranged from 0.1 ng/L (n=13) to 3.8 ng/L (n=16). Mean concentrations of P-endosulfan in rain samples ranged from 1 (n=14) to 12 ng/L (n=16). The endosulfans were not found to any significant extent in snow-core samples (Strachan and Huneault 1979). Detection limits were not reported. 

Lalonde JD, Poulain AJ, Amyot M. 2002. The role of mercury redox reactions in snow on snow-to-air mercury transfer. Environ Sci Technol 36 174-178. 

Susong DD, Abbott ML, Krabbenhoft DP. 2003. Mercury accumulation in snow on the Idaho National Engineering and Enviromnental Laboratory and surrounding region, southeast Idaho, USA. Environ Geol 43 357-363. 

Today there is a renewed interest in snow and ice cooling. The first large-scale plant for space cooling is now in its sixth year of operation. Several... 

Snow is normally defined as precipitation formed of ice crystals and ice as solid water with hexagonal structure and density about 920 kg m-3. In snow storage the main issue is to have enough amounts of frozen water at low cost why the only relevant distinction is the density. If natural snow or ice is too expensive or not available in enough quantity, it is possible to produce frozen water. Artificial snow and ice made with different types of water sprayers, including snow blowers (snow guns). The production rate depends on equipment, relative air humidity, and temperatures of the air and water. 

In a climax to his sediment studies, Patterson reported tersely that we have found the composition of lead in snow to be very different from the composition of lead which has been deposited on the ocean floors during the past 100,000 years. The lead in Lassen Volcanic National Park had a signature mix of lead isotopes, a characteristic fingerprint identifying it as a... 

Nature published Patterson s paper describing industrial lead in snow and seawater in 1963. A footnote to the article cited the American Petroleum Institute as his funding source. With oil companies financing his work, even an idealist like Patterson realized, We re in serious trouble. As he summarized the experience, I wrote a big paper, and I said, This lead is coming from leaded gasoline. Wham The lead industry took notice. 

Three days after Nature published Patterson s article describing industrial lead in snow and seawater, he arrived at work early in the morning as usual. Four men from the lead industry were already waiting for him in his office. Patterson wrote years later that the delegation came from the Ethyl Corporation, but Laurie Patterson remembers that the group also included representatives of the petroleum and chemical industries. In any event, Patterson regarded all four as white shirts and ties, his scornful term for corporate types. 

M. Tatsumoto and C. C. Patterson. Concentrations of Common Lead in Some Atlantic and Mediterranean Waters and in Snow. Nature. 199 (July 27, 1963) 350-352. Source for extrapolation from sea surface to leaded gasolines and Lassen National Park. 

Volume fraction voids in snow- Tensile strength of pellet in the... 

Raynaud, D., Delmas, R., 1977, Proceedings of the Grenoble Symposium 1975, Isotopes and Impurities in Snow and Ice, IAHS-AISH publication, 1J8, 377. 

Surface samples were collected in snow pits under ultra-clean conditions described elsewhere [13] with the exception that samples for anion analysis were collected in polystyrene cups precleaned without the use of acids. Ice core samples were cleaned to remove surface contamination using the "dry-core" procedure involving rinsing and melting of exterior surfaces with ultra-pure water [13]. Shallow-depth firn cores are permeable and the dry-core rinsing is unsuitable. Therefore an inner core of 2.5 cm diameter was taken from intervals of the 7.6 cm diameter South Pole firn core using a specially-built precleaned stainless steel corer within a -15 °C cold room. Prior to this coring, exposed ends of core sections were shaved away with precleaned stainless steel chisels. 

Relatively little contamination from PCBs was found in sediments from riverine and pothole wetlands at national wildlife refuges and waterfowl production areas (WPA) in the north central United States in 1980 to 1982. PCBs were above detection levels (20 pg/kg) in less than 4% of the sediments a similar case was recorded in fish from WPAs (Martin and Hartman 1985). Maximum total PCB concentrations in field collections of nonbiological materials were 0.000028 pg/kg in ice, 0.000125 pg/kg in snow, 12.3 pg/m3 in air, 233 pg/L in seawater, 3860 pg/L in sediment interstitial waters, and 1800 mg/kg in sediments. Concentrations were comparatively elevated in urban areas, near anthropogenic activities, and at known sites of PCB contamination (Table 24.8). 

The visual observation of the condenser coils shows, in the visible zone, a compact solid, glassy structure. Inclusions of permanent gasses resulting in snow like surfaces were not seen. 

Recent studies examining the distribution of smelter-derived elements around a copper smelter found that arsenic deposition rates in snow and concentrations in organic soils decrease gradually with distance from the smelter (Henderson et al. 2002 Knight Henderson 2006 Telmer et al. 2003 Zdanowicz etal. 2006). In order to explore the nature and behaviour of arsenic, a limited number of samples (stack and impacted soil) were characterized. 

The higher concentrations of some heavy metals, like Zn, Cu, Ni, and Pb, in snowmelt waters in comparison with rain waters is possibly related to the elevated content of solid particles in snow. Deposition fluxes are less important in the... 

In the ecosystems of the Asian part of Russia the values of critical loads for N, CL(N), and S, CL(S), compounds are shown to be less than in Europe due to many peculiarities of climate regime (long winter with accumulation of pollutants in snow cover) and depressed biogeochemical cycling of elements (see section 1). The minimum values of both CL(N) and CL(S) are <50 eq/ha/yr and the maximum ones are >300 eq/ha/yr (Figures 15 and 16). 

The following hypotheses was tested in the first approximation if the vaporization of volatile oxides, sulfides, and metals of all the considered chemical elements at roasting and/or conversion temperature plays a significant role in the contamination of Karabash atmosphere, their calculated equilibrium pressure over the Cu-concentrate, slag, matte or copper melt (or their chemical composition) should strongly correlate with the detected abundance of these elements in snow samples. If such a significant correlation is detected, the corresponding process exerts primary... 

Gregurek, D., Reimannb, C., Stump, E.F. Trace elements and precious metals in snow samples from the immediate vicinity of nickel processing plants, Kola Peninsula, northwest Russia Environmental Pollution. 102. 1998. 221-232. 

Heavily splashed liquid will persist for up to a day under temperate conditions persists much longer in snow Light amber brown in liquid form vapor is colorless Similar to fresh-cut geraniums... 

Bensimon M, Bourquin J, Parriaux A (2000) Determination of ultra-trace elements in snow samples by inductively-coupled plasma source sector field mass spectrometry using ultrasonic nebulization. J Anal Atom Spectrom 15 731-734... 

Since mountain regions are highly vulnerable to climate change [76], marked changes in snow and ice occurrence are to be expected. Since this means an alteration in seasonal storage rates, these changes will also affect seasonal discharge patterns. 

Fig. 6 Annual average sulfate concentrations in snow and ice at the high-Alpine site Colle Gnifetti and in rain at the lower-elevation site Diibendorf. Data of Diibendorf are from Nabel [24]...

Measurements of POCs in the snow and glacial ice of mountains have revealed that anthropogenic contaminants are not only present in these media, but that some occur at higher concentrations at higher elevations than at lower elevations [3,40], Specifically, the HCHs, lower chlorinated PCBs and endosulfan showed this trend in the mountains of Western Canada [3], while p, p -DDT and p, p -DDD did so in snow collected from four elevations on Mt. Everest [40],... 

Bears have a keen sense of smell, even though we lack formal and thorough studies. According to popular television programs, polar bears can smell a ringed seal pup buried in snow from distances exceeding 1 mile (1.6km). The exact distances for the bears prey detection is not yet clear (I. Stirling, personal communication) and only 1 in 20 hunts is successful. 

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