In situ attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy

D. X. Liu, J. X. Gao, C. J. Murphy, and C. T. Williams, In situ attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy of dendrimer-stabilized platinum nanoparticles adsorbed on alumina, J. Phys. Chem. B 108, 12911-12916(2004). 

T. Bugi, R. Wirz, and A. Baiker, In Situ Attenuated Total Reflection Infrared Spectroscopy A Sensitive Tool for the Investigation of Reduction-Oxidation Processes on Heterogeneous Pd Metal Catalysts, J. Phys. Chem. B 107, 6774-6781 (2003). 

Dolamic, L, Biirgi, T. (2006). Photoassisted decomposition of malonic acid on Ti02 studied by in situ attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy, /. Phys. Chem. B Vol. 110, 14898-14904,1089-5647. 

Lefevre, G., Noinville, S., Fedoroff, M. (2006). Study of uranyl sorption onto hematite by in situ attenuated total reflection - infrared spectroscopy,. Colloid Interface Sci. Vol. 296, 608-613, 0021-9797. 

D. Liu, J. Gao, C.J. Murphy, C.T. Williams, In Situ Attenuated Total Reflection Infrared Spectroscopy of Dendrimer-Stabdized Platinum Nanoparticles Adsorbed on Alumina, Journal of Physical Chemistry B 108, 12911, 2004. 

The carbonylation reaction of propylene oxide in the presence of various [Lewis acid] [Co(CO)4] salts was investigated using in situ attenuated total reflection infrared (ATR-IR) spectroscopy. P-Alkoxy-acyl-cobalttetracarbonyl species were found to be key intermediates from which two reaction routes start depending on the applied Lewis acid. Labile Lewis acid-alkoxy combinations primarily favor the production of lactone products [2]. 

To shed light on the mechanism of formation of silsesquioxane a7b3, to identify the species formed during the process, and to try to explain the high selectivity towards structure a7b3 of the optimised synthetic method described above (64% yield in 18 h), the synthesis of cyclopentyl silsesquioxane a7b3 was monitored by electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (ESI MS) [50-52] and in situ attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared (ATR FTIR) spectroscopy [53, 54]. Spectroscopic data from the latter were analysed using chemometric methods to identify the pure component spectra and relative concentration profiles. 

Platinum and palladium are effective catalysts for alcohol oxidation when used alone however, significant stability and selectivity improvements have been observed on incorporation of a second (usually less active) metal promoter such as Bi, Pb, and Sn [63-65]. These observations are common to aerobic selox of allyhc and benzylic alcohols, as well as polyols such as propylene glycol [64] and glycerol [66]. In the case of Bi, in situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR-IR) indicate that the promoter protects Pt against deactivation by overoxidation and prevents site blocking by, for example, aromatic solvents [67]. 

Chen YX, Ye S, Heinen M, Jusys Z, Osawa M, Behm RJ (2006) Application of in-situ attenuated total reflection-fourier transform infrared spectroscopy for the understanding of... 

The effect of metal-ion concentration on the stoichiometry of surface complexes was studied by in situ attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, monitoring the binding of Cd + to a carboxylate-terminated SAM [29]. Specific... 

Growth of Tribological Films In Situ Characterization Based on Attenuated Total Reflection Infrared Spectroscopy... 

Keywords Surface analysis X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy Attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy Zinc dialkyidithiophosphate Combinatorial methods In situ methods Tribochemistry... 

Growth of Tribological Films in situ Characterization Based on Attenuated Total Reflection Infrared Spectroscopy F.M. Piras, A. Rossi, N.D. Spencer Langmuir, 2002 18(17) pp 6606-6613... 

Messman JM, Storey RF. Real-time monitoring of the ringopening polymerization of rac-lactide with in situ attenuated total reflectance/Fouiier transform infrared spectroscopy with conduit and diamond-composite sensor technology. J Polym Sci Part A Polym Chem 2004 42 6238-6247. 

Chen, Y.-X., Shen, Y, Heinen, M., Jusys, Z., Osawa, M., Behm, R.J. Application of in-situ attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy for the understanding of complex reaction mechanisms and kinetics Formic acid oxidation on a Pt film electrode at elevated temperatures. 7. Phys. Chem. B 2006, no, 9534-9544. 

Infrared spectroscopy (IR) is a fairly simple in situ method. Since the absorption coefficients of molecular vibrations are rather low, it is impossible to detect the IR absorption of a molecule adsorbed or bonded to the semiconductor surface, merely by an ordinary vertical transmission measurement. This problem was solved by using attenuated total reflection (ATR) spectroscopy, as introduced by Harrick [17], and first applied to semiconductor-liquid junctions by Beckmann [18,19]. In this technique, the incident IR light beam is introduced via a prism into a semiconductor, at such an angle that total internal reflection occurs at the semiconductor-liquid interface, as illustrated... 

Vibrational spectroscopy is a molecule-specific analytical method that probes the vibrations of molecules and solids. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopies are widely used in situ techniques in the analysis of chemical reactions. However, in the case of silicalite-1 synthesis, they have not yet been used [35]. Attenuated total reflectance infrared (ATR-IR) spectroscopy has however been used to study soluble silicates and shown to be able to characterize various structures [25, 35-37]. It is likely only a matter of time before we see ATR-IR used under in situ conditions. 

Attenuated total reflection (ATR) spectroscopy is one of the most widely used techniques for surface infrared analysis. Although the phenomenon of total internal reflection of light was described by Newton in the early 17th century, it was not until much later that Harrick and, independently, Fahrenfort were to exploit this phenomenon to obtain absorption spectra and develop the ATR technique. When applied to the study of in situ kinetics of adsorption and reaction of species at liquid/ solid interfaces, ATR spectroscopy can yield valuable surface-chemical data. Such studies have been carried out in a variety of research and technological areas, including biomembranes, biofilms, thin film structure and reactivity, and electrochemistry. ... 

Fringeli UP (1992) In situ infrared attenuated total reflection membrane spectroscopy. In Mirabella FM (ed.) Internal Reflection Spectroscopy, Theory and Applications, Chapter 10, pp 255-324. New York Marcel Dekker. 

An infrared spectrum is a plot of percent radiation absorbed versus the frequency of the incident radiation given in wavenumbers (cm ) or in wave length ( xm). A variation of this method, diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, is used for samples with poor transmittance, e.g. cubic hematite crystals. Increased resolution and sensitivity as well as more rapid collection of data is provided by Fourier-transform-IR (FTIR), which averages a large number of spectra. Another IR technique makes use of attenuated total reflectance FTIR (ATR-FTIR) often using a cylindrical internal reflectance cell (CIR) (e.g. Tejedor-Tejedor Anderson, 1986). ATR enables wet systems and adsorbing species to be studied in situ. 

One other in situ technique can be used to determine fractional acidity in atmospheric aerosols by means of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy (46). Originally, impactor samples were collected and were pressed into a KBr matrix, and then the IR spectrum was taken by attenuated total reflectance (ATR) FTIR spectroscopy to determine relative acidity, based on differences in absorption bands for sulfate and bisulfate species. Aerosols with [H+]/[S042 ] ratios greater than 1 could also be qualitatively identified. More recent innovations in the FTIR technique (47, 48) have made possible... 

Attenuated total reflectance Eourier-transform infrared (ATR-ETIR) spectroscopy is another technique recently reported to have been applied to the determination of pesticide residues on human skin and residential surfaces (Doran et al., 2000). While this technique gave good results when evaluated in the laboratory for three pesticides at 0.5 to 5 Rg/m skin loadings, field use would be very limited by the size and transportability of the instrument and the liquid-nitrogen coolant for the detector. Whatever the method, surface residues are also difficult to measure quantitatively in situ, especially on the skin. 

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