Resolution, increasing

Figure Bl.18.11. Confocal scanning microscope in reflection the pinliole in front of the detector is in a conjugate position to the illumination pinliole. This arrangement allows the object to be optically sectioned. The lens is used to focus the light beam onto the sample and onto the pinliole. Thus, the resulting point spread fimctioii is sharpened and the resolution increased.

From the early 1980s to present, infrared sensitive two dimensional arrays were mated to integrated circuits for signal processing and sensitivity to better than 0.03 K (see Photodetectors). These focal plane arrays of some 500 by 500 elements eliminate the need for scanning and provide good spatial resolution. Some versions have no special cooling requirements. The development trend is to increase the number of pixels to improve resolution, increase the field of view and keep the size and cost of the optics within acceptable bounds. 

Resolution increases when columns of the same pore size are used in series however, increasing the number of columns in series also increases the total... 

Finally, temperature can have a profound effect on column performance. Tanaka et al. (48) studied the effects of temperature on the separation of hydrolyzed /3-cyclodextrin. In their studies, resolution increased with temperature on a Toyopearl HW-40S column. 

Qualitatively equation (7.15) is adequate to describe tiM f influence of layer quality, selectivity, and zone position in the 1 chromatogram upon resolution for a single unidimensional development under capillary flow controlled conditions. The variation of R, with Rf is not a simple function as can be seen from Figure 7.6. The resolution increases with the layer efficiency in a manner that depends linearly on the R, value. — Relatively small changes in selectivity have an enormous impact on... 

From equation (1.47) it can be seen that resolution increases only as the square root of n. Thus, the column length must be increased four-fold to increase resolution by a factor of... 

Figure 1.9 illustrates the relationship between resolution, the separation factor, the average capacity factor and the column efficiency for some real chromatographic peaks [lOS]. The central portion of the figure illustrates how resolution increases with the capacity factor for a fixed separation factor and column efficiency. At first the resolution increases quickly as the... 

Numerical Wide range of applications detailed spatial, temporal resolutions increased chemistry capabilities Extensive calibration requirements input data intensive (nodes, elements, time) require computer use and related skills Recommended for site specific applications... 

V0)2+ ion in a square pyramidal coordination. On alumina only the latter configuration is stable. Tanaka and Matsumoto IBS) attributed a poorly resolved spectrum on silica gel to the formation of small crystallites of a V02+ salt. Upon dilution with an alkali salt the resolution increased. They also observed much better resolution on alumina, indicating that the vanadyl ion is more uniformly dispersed on this surface. 

Equation 19.14 also shows that resolution increases with increasing capacity factor k. Diminishing returns apply at high k and values of 1-5 are generally advocated. 

Photodiodes occur in many different varieties and are useful in both steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence studies. Photodiodes designed for use in steady-state or on microsecond time-scales are inexpensive and have effective areas up to a few square millimeters, and are capable of efficiently matching to simple focusing optics. However, as the temporal resolution increases so does the cost, and the effective area has to be reduced. For example, APDs with response times in the 50 psec region have effective diameters ofca. 10 /small active area of high-speed devices is currently the primary drawback in fluorescence studies. Also, photodiodes other... 

The surface of a crystal often shows irregularities such as steps, Idnks and holes. As microscopic resolution increases, smaller and smaller irregularities become visible. If similar surface morphologies are observed on all scales, regardless of magnification, these surfaces are termed self similar or self affine. 

Thus, resolution increases in proportion to in order to attain good... 

The resolution R of a quadrupole mass filter (see equation (16.17) is related to many parameters. The instrument can be operated with a constant Am, in which case resolution increases with mass (Fig. 16.11). 

Equation 23-30 also tells us that resolution increases as the separation factor y increases. The separation factor is the relative velocity of the two components through the column. The way to change relative velocity is to change the stationary phase in gas chromatography or either the stationary or the mobile phase in liquid chromatography. Important equations from chromatography are summarized in Table 23-2. 

In packed columns, all three terms contribute to band broadening. For open tubular columns, the multiple path term, A, is 0, so bandwidth decreases and resolution increases. In capillary electrophoresis (Chapter 26), both A and C go to 0, thereby reducing plate height to submicron values and providing extraordinary separation powers. 

Figure 24-5 Resolution increases in proportion to the square root of column length. Notice the increased resolution of peaks 1 and 2 as length is increased. Conditions DB-1 stationary phase (0.25 j.m thick) in 0.32-mm-diameter wall-coaled column operated at 95°C with He linear velocity of 34 cm/s. Compounds 1-4 are the same as in Figure 24-4. [Courtesy J w Scientific, Folsom. CA ]...

Ion abundances can be obtained either from the equivalent widths of the absorption lines, or from their residual intensity at line center, r. The two parameters are basically equivalent in that they are directly related to each other, although the use of is preferable because it is directly proportional to abundance in a model-independent way when the lines are unsaturated, e.g., finite spectral resolution increases the observed residual line intensity, but not the equivalent width. In the supernova the lines are all easily resolved, and the residual intensity at the bottom of the lines is more readily measured than W, hence we use ri to obtain the abundances. 

Column temperature also has a significant effect on resolution. Increasing the column temperature from 30° to 50°C leads to inversion in selectivity. Therefore, increasing column temper-... 

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