Carboxyl terminal

To illustrate the specific operations involved, the scheme below shows the first steps and the final detachment reaction of a peptide synthesis starting from the carboxyl terminal. N-Boc-glycine is attached to chloromethylated styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer resin. This polymer swells in organic solvents but is completely insoluble. ) Treatment with HCl in acetic acid removes the fert-butoxycarbonyl (Boc) group as isobutene and carbon dioxide. The resulting amine hydrochloride is neutralized with triethylamine in DMF. 

Evidence soon emerged that the endogenous opioids were peptides rather than simple morphine-like molecules (9). The first direct evidence for endogenous opioids in brain extracts was provided in 1975 when two pentapeptides were purified that differed only in the carboxyl terminal amino acids (10) (Table 1). These peptides were called methionine- (Met-) and leucine- (Leu-) enkephalin, from the Greek term meaning "in the head."... 

Flexibilized epoxy resins are important structural adhesives [69]. Liquid functionally terminated nitrile rubbers are excellent flexibilizing agents for epoxy resins. This liquid nitrile rubber can be reacted into the epoxy matrix if it contains carboxylated terminated functionalities or by adding an amine terminated rubber. The main effects produced by addition of liquid nitrile rubber in epoxy formulations is the increase in T-peel strength and in low-temperature lap shear strength, without reducing the elevated temperature lap shear. 

Amino acid analysis itself does not directly give the number of residues of each amino acid in a polypeptide, but it does give amounts from which the percentages or ratios of the various amino acids can be obtained (Table 5.2). If the molecular weight and the exact amount of the protein analyzed are known (or the number of amino acid residues per molecule is known), the molar ratios of amino acids in the protein can be calculated. Amino acid analysis provides no information on the order or sequence of amino acid residues in the polypeptide chain. Because the polypeptide chain is unbranched, it has only two ends, an amino-terminal or N-terminal end and a carboxyl-terminal or C-termuial end. 

The carboxyl terminated ACPA, 4,4 -azobis-(4-cya-nopentanoic acid), turned out to be a suitable reagent in condensation reactions. This compound can be prepared by Strecker s synthesis from levulinic acid following the method of Haines and Waters [12]. Regarding the formation of polymeric azo initiators, Matsakuwa et al. [13] reported on the condensation of ACPA with various diols and diamines in the presence of a condensation agent, I-methyl-2-chlorpyridinium iodide, and a cata-... 

Furthermore, photochemically induced homolytical bond cleavage can also be applied when the prepolymer itself does not contain suitable chromophoric groups [113-115]. Upon thermolysis of ACPA in the presence of styrene, a carboxyl-terminated polystyrene is formed. This styrene-based prepolymer was reacted with lead tetraacetate and irradiated with UV light yielding free radicals capable of initiating the polymerization of a second monomer (Scheme 33) [113]. 

A phosphatase that dephosphoiylates a conserved carboxyl-terminal site on PKC and Akt, thus inactivating these kinases and terminating their signaling pathways. 

Some ordn uses have been found for carboxyl terminated polybutadiene viz, as rocket motor liners for proplnt mixts contg HTPB (Ref 17) and as part of a terpolymer binder for propints (Ref 16)... 

The US military specification for polybutadiene is for the carboxyl terminated variety (Ref lb). The requirements of this spec are listed below for Type 1 (low acid), Type II (high acid)... 

Refs 1) Beil 1, 937—948 la) K. Krowicki et al, Solid Rocket Propellants , StalePaluva-Rakietowe(Pol), Trnsln No HT6G00730, TM 7000397, FTD, Wright Patterson AFB (1964) lb) Anon, Polybutadiene, Linear, Carboxyl Terminated , MlL-P-23942 (1) (1966)... 

A Comparison of a Carboxyl-Terminated Polybutadiene-Based Propellant (CTPB) Using N-Butylferrocene as Burning Rate Catalyst With a CTPB—Based Propellant Using Biradical Burning Rate Catalyst... 

A thiol-terminated PS was used as a sample in the experiment. It was based on a living polymerized carboxyl-terminated PS with M = 93,800 and Mu = 100,400. The polydispersity was Mp( /M = 1.07. The degree of polymerization was about 900 and, thus, its contour length was about 220 nm. The thiol groups were substimted for the carboxylic ends using 1,10-decanedithiol by means of thiolester bonding, anticipating the preferential interaction between... 

Composite Particles, Inc. reported the use of surface-modified rubber particles in formulations of thermoset systems, such as polyurethanes, polysulfides, and epoxies [95], The surface of the mbber was oxidized by a proprietary gas atmosphere, which leads to the formation of polar functional groups like —COOH and —OH, which in turn enhanced the dispersibility and bonding characteristics of mbber particles to other polar polymers. A composite containing 15% treated mbber particles per 85% polyurethane has physical properties similar to those of the pure polyurethane. Inclusion of surface-modified waste mbber in polyurethane matrix increases the coefficient of friction. This finds application in polyurethane tires and shoe soles. The treated mbber particles enhance the flexibility and impact resistance of polyester-based constmction materials [95]. Inclusion of treated waste mbber along with carboxyl terminated nitrile mbber (CTBN) in epoxy formulations increases the fracture toughness of the epoxy resins [96]. 

Peptides are named for the number of amino acid residues present, and as derivatives of the carboxyl terminal residue. The primary structure of a peptide is its amino acid sequence, starting from the amino-terminal residue. 

While loops lack apparent stmcmral regularity, they exist in a specific conformation stabilized through hydrogen bonding, salt bridges, and hydrophobic interactions with other portions of the protein. However, not all portions of proteins are necessarily ordered. Proteins may contain disordered regions, often at the extreme amino or carboxyl terminal, characterized by high conformational flexibility. In many instances, these disor-... 

Figure 5-8. Domain structure. Protein kinases contain two domains. The upper, amino terminal domain binds the phosphoryl donor ATP (light blue). The lower, carboxyl terminal domain is shown binding a synthetic peptide substrate (dark blue).

Figure 7-7. Catalysis by chymotrypsin. The charge-relay system removes a proton from Ser 195, making it a stronger nucleophile. Activated Ser 195 attacks the peptide bond, forming a transient tetrahedral intermediate. Release of the amino terminal peptide is facilitated by donation of a proton to the newly formed amino group by His 57 of the charge-relay system, yielding an acyl-Ser 195 intermediate. His 57 and Asp 102 collaborate to activate a water molecule, which attacks the acyl-Ser 195, forming a second tetrahedral intermediate. The charge-relay system donates a proton to Ser 195, facilitating breakdown of tetrahedral intermediate to release the carboxyl terminal peptide .

Figure 23-1. Structure of some unsaturated fatty acids. Although the carbon atoms in the molecules are conventionally numbered—ie, numbered from the carboxyl terminal—the co numbers (eg, co7 in palmitoleic acid) are calculated from the reverse end (the methyl terminal) of the molecules. The information in parentheses shows, for instance, that a-linolenic acid contains double bonds starting at the third carbon from the methyl terminal, has 18 carbons and 3 double bonds, and has these double bonds at the 9th, 12th, and 15th carbons from the carboxyl terminal. (Asterisks Classified as "essential fatty acids.")...

The hver and many extrahepatic tissues express the LDL (B-lOO, E) receptor. It is so designated because it is specific for apo B-IOO but not B-48, which lacks the carboxyl terminal domain of B-lOO containing the LDL receptor ligand, and it also takes up lipoproteins rich in apo E. This receptor is defective in familial hypercholesterolemia. Approximately 30% of LDL is de-... 

---