In rat model

Ke HZ, Paralkar VM, Grasser WA, Crawford DT, Qi H, Simmons H, et al. (1998) Effects of CP-336,156, a new, nonsteroidal estrogen agonist/antagonist, on bone, serum cholesterol, uterus, and body composition in rat models. Endocrinology 139 2068-2076... 

Similar to LSD and other monoamine hallucinogens, mescaline suppresses locomotor and exploratory behavior in novel environments (Wing et al. 1990). Also similar to LSD, tolerance develops to the behavioral effects of chronic doses of mescaline (Murray et al. 1977). Mescaline increases aggression in rat models (Sbordone et al. 1978) however, this is an elicited aggression (by electric shock) and does not necessarily generalize to human behavior. Increased aggression is not characteristic of humans using mescaline. 

Selective COX-2 inhibitors have also been shown to prevent early and late forms of colorectal neoplasia in rat models. Reddy et al. showed that administration of celecoxib inhibited aberrant colonic crypt foci (ACF) induction and multiplicity by about 40-49% in an azoxymethane-induced ACF rat model (81). Later the same investigators also showed that dietary administration of celecoxib can inhibit both the incidence and multiplicity of colon tumors by about 93 % and 97 %, respectively in the same rat model (82). Other researchers reported similar results with the Min mouse model (52). There is little data on human clinical trials with selective COX-2 inhibitors for colorectal tumor prevention. Recently Steinbach et al. conducted a double-blind, placebo-controlled study with 77 patients with FAP, and reported that treatment with celecoxib, a selective COX-2 inhibitor, for 6 mo led to a significant reduction (28%) in the number of colorectal polyps in these patients (50). Collectively, COX-2 nonspecific or specific NSAIDs appear to have chemopreventive activity against colorectal cancer development. Selective... 

Memantine also blocks and reverses thermal hyperalgesia, mechanical al-lodynia in rat models of painful mononeuropathy without obvious effects on motor reflexes following systemic (Carlton and Hargett 1995 Eisenberg et al. 1993,1995 Suzuki et al. 2001) and local spinal administration (Chaplan et al. 

Rex A, Barth T, Voigt JP, et al Effects of cholecystokinin tetrapeptide and sulfated cholecystokinin octapeptide in rat models of anxiety. Neurosci Lett 172 139, 1994b... 

Haick H, Hakim M, Patrascu M et al (2009) Sniffing chronic renal failure in rat model by an array of random networks of single-waUed carbon nanotubes. ACS NANO 3(5) 1258-1266... 

Ion channel modulation represents another approach to positive inotropy [13]. Sodium channel modulators increase Na+ influx and prolong the plateau phase of the action potential sodium/calcium exchange then leads to an increase in the level of calcium available to the contractile elements, thus increasing the force of cardiac contraction [13,14]. Synthetic compounds such as DPI 201-106 and BDF 9148 (Figure 1) increase the mean open time of the sodium channel by inhibiting channel inactivation [15]. Importantly, BDF 9148 remains an effective positive inotropic compound even in severely failing human myocardium [16] and in rat models of cardiovascular disease [17]. Modulators of calcium and potassium channel activities also function as positive inotropes [13], but in the remainder of this article we shall focus on sodium channel modulators. 

Bowersox, S.S., Gadbois, Th., Singh, T., Pettus, M., Wang, Y.-X., Luther, R.R. Selective N-type neuronal voltage-sensitive calcium channel blocker, SNX - 111, produces spinal antinociception in rat models of acute, persistent and neuropathic pain, J. Pharmacol. Exper. Ther. 1996, 279, 1243-1249. 

Feng P, Guan Z, Yang X, Fang J. Changes of sexual activity, ERK, pERK, PP1 and MPK-2 in rat model of depression. Sleep 2002 25 A17-18. 

Ledeboer, A., Gamanos, M., Lai, W., Martin, D., Maier, S. F., Watkins, L. R., and Quan, N. (2005). Involvement of spinal cord nuclear factor kappaB activation in rat models of proinflammatory cytokine-mediated pain facilitation. Eur.J. Neurosci. 22, 1977-1986. 

Activity in rat model, LH level Significant effect between 1 Decrease of LH level to... 

McIntyre, A., Gibson, P.R., and Young, G.R, Butyrate production from dietary fiber and protection against large bowel cancer in rat models, Gut, 34, 286-391, 1993. 

Blackburn-Munro G, Jensen BS (2003) The anticonvulsant retigabine attenuates nociceptive behaviours in rat models of persistent and neuropathic pain. Eur J Pharmacol 460 109-116... 

Rozas G, Guerra MJ, Labandeira-Garcia JL (1997) An automated rotarod method for quantitative drug-free evaluation of overall motor deficits in rat models of parkinsonism. Brain Res Prot 2 75-84. 

Nagano M, Sakai A, Takahashi N, Umino M, Yoshioka K, Suzuki M (2003) Decreased expression of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor signaling in rat models of neuropathic pain. Br J Pharmacol 140 1252-1260... 

Du, F., Eid, T., Lothman, E.W., Kohler, C., Schwarcz, R. (1995). Preferential neuronal loss in layer III of the medial enthorinal cortex in rat models of temporal lobe epilepsy. J. Neurosci. 15 6301-13. 

Bas J, Calopa M, Mesde M, Mollevi DG, Cudllas B, Ambrosio S, Buendia E (2001) Lymphocyte populadons in Pai kinson s disease and in rat models of pai kinsomsm. J Neuroimmunol 113 146-152. 

Bartlett MS, Queener SF, Tidwell RR, Milhous WK, Berman JD, Ellis WY, Smith JW. 8-Aminoquinolines from Walter Reed Army Institute for Research for treatment and prophylaxis of Pneumocystis pneumonia in rat models. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1991 35(2) 277-82. 

Functional and histological protection was also provided in rat models of chronic TAC nephrotoxicity by the anti-fibrotic agent pirfenidone, by plant polyphenols and by anti-TGF-p antibodies [769-771]. 

Haloperidol was discovered in the Janssen Laboratories in 1958 (280,315,320,322). It is a butyrophenone derivative and was pursued because of its ability to block the behavioral activating effects of amphetamine in rat models. The amphetamine models were used as screening tools, because symptoms observed in paranoid schizophrenia were noted to be similar to those that developed in chronic amphetamine abusers. The behavioral profile of haloperidol was qualitatively similar to that of CPZ, but haloperidol required up to 50-fold lower doses to exert the same behavioral effects as CPZ. Around this time, the term "major tranquilizer" began to be replaced by the term "neuroleptic." The compound was pursued very vigorously, and the initial clinical results were published only 10 months after the initial synthesis of the compound. Haloperidol is still one of the most widely pre-... 

Mazindol is a potent inhibitor of both dopamine and serotonin uptake that was first described in 1975 (149). The compound exists in two tautomeric forms, although it is believed that most of the pharmacological activity lies in the closed, tricyclic form where the hydroxyl group can act as both a hydrogen-bond acceptor and donor. The open form has been shown to exhibit much weaker anorectic activity in rat models compared to that of the closed form tautomer (150).In one report on the SAR of Mazindol analogs, replacement of the C4 -C1 substituent on the B-ring with a C4 -F... 

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