Antinociception spinal

Sawynok, J., Reid, A. and Isbrucker, R. Adenosine mediates calcium-induced antinociception and potentiation of noradrenergic antinociception in the spinal cord. Brain Res. 524 187-195,1990. 

Yaksh, T. L. (1979) Direct evidence that spinal serotonin and noradrenaline terminals mediate the spinal antinociceptive effects of morphine in the central periaqueductal gray. Brain Res.. 160 180-185. 

Yaksh, T. L., and Wilson, P. R. (1979) Spinal serotonin terminal system mediates antinociception. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 208 446-453. 

Kauppila T, Mecke E, Pertovaara A. (1992). Enhancement of morphine-induced analgesia and attenuation of morphine-induced side-effects by cocaine in rats. Pharmacol Toxicol. 71(3) 173-78. Kellstein DE, Malseed RT, Goldstein FJ. (1988). Opioid-monoamine interactions in spinal antinociception evidence for serotonin but not norepinephrine reciprocity. Pain. 34(1) 85-92. 

Lichtman AH, Martin BR. (1991). Cannabinoid-induced antinociception is mediated by a spinal alpha 2-noradrenergic mechanism. Brain Res. 559(2) 309-14. 

Pugh G Jr, Abood ME, Welch SP. (1995). Antisense oligodeoxynucleotides to the kappa-1 receptor block the antinociceptive effects of delta 9-THC in the spinal cord. Brain Res. 689(1) 157-58. 

Yeung JC, Rudy TA. (1980). Multiplicative interaction between narcotic agonisms expressed at spinal and supraspinal sites of antinociceptive action as... 

Neuroanatomically both the locus coeruleus and the raphe nuclei project to the spinal cord where they gate sensory pathways from the skeletomuscular areas. As there is evidence that both noradrenaline and 5-HT are dysfunctional in depression, it is perhaps not surprising to find that the pain threshold is often reduced in patients with depression. Conversely, different types of antidepressants have been shown to have an antinociceptive effect in both rodent models of neuropathic pain, and clinically in fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome, postherpetic neuralgia and diabetic neuropathy. In general, it would appear that the dual action antidepressants (such as the TCAs and SNRIs) are more effective than the SSRIs. 

Impulse traffic in the neo- and pa-leospinothalamic pathways is subject to modulation by descending projections that originate from the reticular formation and terminate at second-order neurons, at their synapses with first-order neurons, or at spinal segmental interneurons (descending antinociceptive system). This system can inhibit impulse transmission from first- to second-order neurons via release of opio-peptides (enkephalins) or monoamines (norepinephrine, serotonin). 

Wilcox GL, Carlsson KH, Jochim A, Jurna 1 (1987) Mutual potentiation of antinociceptive effects of morphine and clonidine in rat spinal cord. Brain Res 405 84-93... 

A.B. Malmberg, M.F. Rafferty, T.L. Yaksh, Antinociceptive effect of spinally delivered prostaglandin E receptor antagonists in the formalin test on the rat, Neurosci. Lett. 173 (1994) 193. 

It is beta-4 (chlorophenyl)-gamma aminobutyric acid. It is a powerful neuronal depressant. It reduces the release of excitatory transmitter and is antinociceptive in animal studies. It inhibits monosynaptic and polysynaptic reflex transmission at spinal level, probably by stimulating the GABAg... 

Vanderah TW et al Mechanisms of opioid-induced pain and antinociceptive tolerance Descending facilitation and spinal dynorphin. Pain 2001 92 5. [PMID 11323121]... 

Courade, J. P., Chassaing, C., Bardin, L., Alloui, A., Eschalier, A. 5-HT receptor subtypes involved in the spinal antinociceptive effect of acetaminophen in rats, Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2001, 432, 1-7. 

Lopez-Garcia, J. A. and Laird, J. M. Central antinociceptive effects of meloxicam on rat spinal cord in vitro, Neuroreport 1998, 9, 647-651. 

Opioid-induced antinociception depends, to some degree, on monoaminergic signaling in the spinal dorsal horn. While opioids can act directly on dorsal horn terminals of primary afferent nociceptive fibers or on excitatory interneurons in lamina II of the dorsal horn to reduce the release of excitatory transmitters (Glaum et al., 1994), the supraspinally mediated analgesic effects of opioids, at least in part, involve interactions with central and spinal serotonergic and noradrenergic transmission. 

In the spinal cord, a2-agonists act on receptors located on the terminals of primary afferent fibers in the dorsal horn substantia gelatinosa to reduce nociceptive transmission by inhibiting the release of glutamate and substance P (Collin et al., 1994 Hamalainen and Pertovaara, 1995) (see Fig. 2). These receptors appear to be primarily of the a2A subtype which is negatively coupled to adenylate cyclase (Lakhlani et al., 1997 see Millan, 1999 but see Sawamura et al., 2000, and references therein for a discussion of the possible involvement of other a2-receptor subtypes in antinociception). Like activation of p-opioid receptors, the activation of a2-receptors increases the potassium conductance of the cells bearing these receptors, thus reducing cellular excitability. 

Hamalainen, M. M. and Pertovaara, A. The antinociceptive action of an alpha2 adrenoceptor agonist in the spinal horn is due to a direct spinal action and not to activation of descending inhibition, Brain Res. Bull. 1995, 37, 581-587. 

Sawynok, J. and Reid, A. Antinociception by tricyclic antidepressants in the rat formalin test differential effects on different behaviours following systemic and spinal administration, Pain 2001, 93, 51-59. 

Spinal KAtp channels were shown to be involved in the antinociception produced by intrathecally (i.t.) administered morphine, norepinephrine, apomorphine and carbachol as deduced from the dose-dependent inhibition by i.t. glibenclamide. 

Again, as is the case for KAtp channels involved in supraspinal analgesia those participating in spinal antinociception are not tonically activated since none of the Katp channel blockers exerted any effect per se. 

Activation of spinal opioid receptors appears to be central for antinociception elicited by several classes of analgesics... 

Kang, Y., Zhang, C., Qiao, J. Involvement of endogenous opioids and ATP-sensitive potassium channels in the mediation of carbachol-induced antinociception at the spinal level a behavioral study in rats, Brain Research 1997, 761, 342-346. 

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