In Pakistan

Cumin Seed. Cumin spice is the dried ripe fmit of Cuminum cyminum L. (UmbeUiferae). The seed-Uke fmit is elongated about 0.31 to 0.63 cm and is yeUowish brown. It is native to upper Egypt and the eastern Mediterranean, but is now cultivated in Pakistan, Turkey, India, China, and Syria. It has a strong pecuhar aroma and flavor, pleasing to some and offensive to others. Cumin seed is used in chutney and curry, chili powders, chili con came, cheeses, and the pickling of cabbage. 

Oaks J, Gilbert M, Virani M, Watson R, Meteyer C, Rideout B, Shivaprasad H, Ahmed S, Chaudhry M, Arshad M, Mahmood S, Ali A, Khan A (2004) Diclofenac residues as the cause of vulture population decline in Pakistan. Nature 427 630-633... 

The insecticide malathion was the hero in the 1976 tragedy in Pakistan. Poisoning started after measures were taken to fight malaria. At least 2800 of the 7500 workers in this area were poisoned [37]. When studied, the more highly toxic iso-malathion was found together with malathion in their bodies. It is known that iso-malathion transforms into the more highly toxic malaoxon, both in storage and directly in the environment. 

Baker E.L., Warren M., Zack M. et al. Epidemic Malathion Poisoning in Pakistan Malaria Workers // Lancet. 1978. Vol.l. Issue 8054. P. 31-34. 

Abbas Z (2010) E-waste management in Pakistan. In Regional Workshop on E-waste/WEEE Management, Osaka, Japan, 6-9 July 2010... 

Finally, a sequence consisting of thionium ion formation, thionium ion trapping, an aromatic substitution, and an alkylation, as elaborated by Padwa and coworkers, will be discussed [462]. Since several related sequences have already been mentioned in the foregoing sections, only the total synthesis of ( )-jamtine N-oxide (2-916) will be discussed here (Scheme 2.204). This natural product is an alkaloid from the shrub Cocculus hirsutus, which is commonly found in Pakistan [463]. 

An outbreak of acute human endrin poisoning associated with central nervous system toxicity and 19 deaths in 194 known cases occurred in Pakistan in 1984 (Rowley et al. 1987). The vector for exposure was not identified, but contamination of a food item was the likely cause of poisoning. 

In a poisoning incident in Pakistan, patients with convulsions (sampling time not specified) had measurable blood levels of endrin ranging from 0.0003 to 0.254 ppm (Rowley et al. 1987). Tissues of a suicide victim contained the following concentrations of endrin 11 days after ingestion of 12 g of endrin in a formulation product 0.07 mg/L in blood, 89.5 mg/kg in adipose tissue, 0.87 mg/kg in heart, 0.89 mg/kg in brain, 0.55 mg/kg in kidneys, and 1.32 mg/kg in liver (Runhaar et al. 1985). 

Persons with a history of convulsive disorders would be expected to be at increased risk from exposure to endrin. Children may be more sensitive than adults to the acute toxic effects of endrin. In an endrin poisoning episode in Pakistan, children 1-9 years old represented about 70% of the cases of convulsions (Rowley et al. 1987). The causative factor responsible for the outbreak was not identified, however, and the age distribution of cases could be explained by age-specific exposure situations. In general, following oral administration, female animals appear to be more susceptible to endrin toxicity than males (Gaines 1960 Treon et al. 1955). The difference may be due to the more rapid excretion of endrin by male versus female rats (Hutson et al. 1975 Klevay 1971 Korte et al. 1970). A sex-related difference in toxicity was not apparent following dermal exposure (Gaines 1960, 1969). No sex-based differences in endrin-related... 

Rowley DL, Rab MA, Hardjotanojo W, et al. 1987. Convulsions caused by endrin poisoning in Pakistan. Pediatrics 79 928-934. 

Sandhu SS, Waters MD, Simmon VP, et al. 1985. Evaluation of the genotoxic potential of certain pesticides used in Pakistan in basic and applied mutagenesis. Basic Life Sci 34 185-219. 

In that regard, the Board understands that some of the pharmaceutical preparations seized in New Zealand originated in Pakistan. It is therefore pleased to note that the competent authorities of Pakistan have responded to a request from the Board and have launched extensive investigations into the export of such pharmaceutical preparations from their country to ensure that such preparations have not been diverted to other countries. 

Bessler, H. C., de Oliveira, I. R., and Giugliano, L. G. (2006). Human milk glycoproteins inhibit the adherence of Salmonella typhimurium to HeLa cells. Microbiol. Immunol. 50, 877-882. Bhutta, Z. A., and Yusuf, K. (1997). Early-onset neonatal sepsis in Pakistan A case control study of risk factors in a birth cohort. Am. ]. Perinatol. 14, 577-581. 

CS002 Ahmad, Y. S. A Note on the Plants of Medicinal Value Found in Pakistan. Government of Pakistan Press, Karachi, 1957. 

Ferrando, R., M. M. Guilleux, and A. Guerrillot-Venet. Oestrogen content of plants as a function of conditions of culture. Nature 1961 192 1205. Ahmad, Y. S. A note of the plants of the medicinal value found in Pakistan. Govt of Pakistan Press, Karachi 1957. Walker, B. S., and J. C. Janney. Estrogenic substances. II. An analysis of plant sources. Endocrinology... 

Fig. 24 Opiate seizures in heroin equivalents in Pakistan and Iran, 1995-2006...

UNODC, Global Assessment Programme on drug Abuse (GAP), National Assessment of Problem Drug Use in Pakistan 2007, preliminary results, May 2007. 

Diclofenac residues as the cause of vulture population decline in Pakistan. Nature, 427 (6975), 630-633. 

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