Pakistan

Imported Inorganic Chemical Elements, Oxides and Halogen Salts in Pakistan, 2002 

Country of Origin Rank Value (000 US ) % Share Cumulative % 

Source Philip M. PARKER, Professor, INSEAD, copyright 2002, www.icongrouponline.com 

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The major rice-exporting countries are Thailand, United States, Pakistan, EC-12, China, Burma, and AustraHa. 

World markets for vegetable fibers have been steadily declining in recent years, mainly as a result of substitution with synthetic materials. Jute has traditionally been one of the principal bast fibers (toimage basis) sold on the world market however, the precipitous decline in jute exports by India (Fig. 2) indicate the decreasing market demand for this fiber that is vitally important to the economies of India (West Bengal), Bangladesh, and Pakistan. 

Cumin Seed. Cumin spice is the dried ripe fmit of Cuminum cyminum L. (UmbeUiferae). The seed-Uke fmit is elongated about 0.31 to 0.63 cm and is yeUowish brown. It is native to upper Egypt and the eastern Mediterranean, but is now cultivated in Pakistan, Turkey, India, China, and Syria. It has a strong pecuhar aroma and flavor, pleasing to some and offensive to others. Cumin seed is used in chutney and curry, chili powders, chili con came, cheeses, and the pickling of cabbage. 

Prices of natural products such as starch, which is produced ia many countries, and guar, which is produced mainly ia India and Pakistan, are affected by unpredictable factors such as the weather. Toward the end of 1991 prices were rising (93) however, ia the future an oversupply might cause a large drop ia prices. Because of the amounts used, starch is usually purchased locally, and pricing fluctuates with local farm prices and conditions. 

The proved reserves and levels of production for Japan, Myanmar (formerly Burma), Pakistan, Taiwan, and Thailand are insignificant by world standards. In 1979, the Philippines estabUshed the first commercial production in the small offshore South Nido field. This success came after more than 75 years of wildcat drilling in the Philippines. After several additional discoveries, production rose to 0.3 x 10 m (1.7 x 10 bbl) in 1991. 

A more abundantiy produced substance is ethanol for use in alcohoHc beverages, and as a fuel, solvent, and feedstock for organic syntheses. Ethanol (qv) production from sucrose is carried out in Europe (eg, France and the Netherlands), India, Pakistan, China, and on a very large scale in Brazil, where it is used as a motor fuel. A valuable by-product of ethanol fermentation is industrial CO2 (see Carbon dioxide). 

Garene Manufacture. 3-Carene is obtained by fractional distillation of turpentine. Turpentine from the western United States and Canada averages about 25% 3-carene much of it is unutilised although it is obtained in high optical purity. Turpentines from the Scandinavian countries, the CIS, Pakistan, and India all contain significant quantities of 3-carene. 

At present, the chief cotton-growing countries of the world are the People s RepubHc of China (23%), the United States (17%), the former USSR (15%), India (11%), Pakistan (8%), Bra2il (4%), Turkey (3%), and Egypt (2%) (5). In the Western Hemisphere, cotton is cultivated between about 37° N and 32° S latitude in the Eastern Hemisphere, the limits extend to 47° N and 30° S. 

Productivity of local craft labor also depends on the use and avail-abihty of modern mechanical tools and construction equipment. Normally, the low cost of labor in certain countries tends to cut out the purchase or hire of sophisticated laborsaving equipment and to encourage the employment of large pools of labor, particularly in developing countries such as India, Pakistan, southeast Asian countries, and many African countries. In turn, this usually leads to higher construc tion costs. The use of laborsaving eqiiipment is prevalent in Canada, western Europe, Japan, and, to an increasing extent, the Middle East. 

CHARACTERIZATION OF MORINGA OLEIFERA SEED OIL CULTIVATED IN DIFFERENT REGIONS OF PUNJAB, PAKISTAN... 

New natural y- and 8-lactones from medicinal plants of Pakistan 98PAC385. 

M. B. Khan CHEMTEC Prime Glass, Jhelum, Pakistan... 

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