In chicks

Requirements of poultry for vitamin D are expressed ia iatematioaal chick units (ICU) which are based on the activity of vitamin in chick bioassays. ... 

Irradiated ergosterol was found not to be as antirachitic in the chick as in the rat, whereas the chick could be protected by direct kradiation. The provitamin in cholesterol was shown not to be ergosterol. Rygh (14) in 1935 found that 1 rat unit of cod Hver oil was 100 times more potent in chicks than 1 rat unit of vitamin D2. Brockmann (15) in 1936, prepared the pure crystalline 3,5-dinitrobenzoate derivative of vitamin D obtained from tuna Hver oil... 

USP also issues vitamin D capsules for AO AC deterrnination in rats and an oil solution for the vitamin D AO AC deterrnination in chicks. Historically, the following units (shown with their approximate international unit equivalence) have been used but are currendy abandoned 1 clinical unit = 12-17 lU 1 biological unit = 0.125 lU 1 protection unit = 0.125 lU 1 Laquer unit = 0.14 lU 1 Poulson unit = 0.2 lU 1 Steenbach unit = 3 lU. The MRC, ICU, and Coward units all approximated the international unit and are also no longer in common use. 

EtOH) was examined in detail by Mead and Koepfli, who, from its reactions and the resemblance of its absorption spectrum to that of 2-hydroxy-6-methoxy-4-methylquinoline, regard it as Z-2 -hydroxyquinine (2 -hydroxy-6 -methoxy-3-vinylruban-9-ol). According to P. B. Marshall, this metabolite is inactive in chick malaria, but Kelsey efaZ. (1946) find that at a dosage of 40-70 mgm./kilo./day, it exercises about the same degree of suppression as 15 mgm./kilo./day of quinine, and quote E. K. Marshall for the observation that it has about one-twentieth the activity of quinine in the malaria of ducks. 

They also state that analytical studies of the oxidation products of dichroine-a indicate that the dichroines are quinazoline derivatives, as already indicated by Koepfli et al. for their alkaloids. With the probable exception of dichroine-a, these bases are active against malaria in chicks in the descending order dichroine-y (1), dichroine- (4) dichroidine quinazolone (40) the figures in brackets are effective doses (mgm./kilo.). There are also two neutral substances present, umbelliferone (dichrin-A) and dichrin-B, m.p. 179-181°. 

Fraxinus malacophylla Hems. (Oleacese). The source of a Chinese drug Pai-chi-ang-kan, or Ken-ken-yao, and stated to contain an alkaloid, sinine resembling quinine. Tonkin and Work found the drug inactive in malaria in chicks and, like Mukerji, were unable to confirm the presence of an alkaloid. ((1) Liu, Chang, Chuan and Tan, Chin. Med. J., 1941, 59, 575. (2) Nature, 1945, 156, 630. (8) Bnd., 1946, 158, 170.)... 

Semliki Forest arborvirus was grown in chick embryo tissue culture. The infectious tissue culture liquid was decanted and diluted with medium 199 to give a preparation containing between 10 and 10 mouse IDso virus/ml. 

The gross lesions seen in chicks treated with chlorodibenzodioxins are summarized in Table VI. The most consistent gross lesions were increased pericardial and peritoneal fluid, subcutaneous and pulmonary edema, hepatomegaly, and a mottled appearance of the liver. 

Gross Lesions Observed in Chicks Treated with Chlorodioxins... 

The detection of a potent dioxin impurity in a major herbicide has focused attention on the nature of chlorinated impurities in pesticides, and in a larger sense, impurities in all chlorinated industrial compounds used extensively in man s environment. The present 2,4,5-T controversy is overshadowed by the dioxin problem. Major disagreement still exists on their relative contributions to the teratogenic effects observed in chicks and the validity of interpretation of high dosage rates used to achieve these effects. We have avoided any assessment of the health-related aspects of dioxins but have dealt almost exclusively with dioxins as an environmental entity. 

In vertebrates, the spectrum of w-conotoxin targets is dependent not only on the species of animal being studied, but on the w-conotoxin being used. In chicks and frogs all synapses tested are almost completely inhibited by w-conotoxin GVIA, while in rodents, w-conotoxin GVIA does not inhibit the neuromuscular synapse, and only a fraction of CNS synapses tested are blocked. In contrast, w-conotoxin MVIIA acts much more reversibly and with a much reduced affinity for many amphibian, and some mammalian, synapses. 

Poliomyelitis (inactivated)t (Salktype) Human diploid cell cultures infected with each of the three serotypes of poliovirus 1 Clarification 2 Inactivation with formalin 3 Concentration 4 Blending of virus of each serotype Induction of antibodies to polioviruses in chicks or guinea-pigs Inoculation of cell cultures and monkey spinal cords to exclude live virus... 

Asmatullah, A., Qureshi, S.N., and Shakoori, A.R., Hexavalent chromium induced congenital abnormalities in chick embryos, Journal of Applied Toxicology, 18 (3), 167-171, 1998. 

Mykkanen HM, Wasserman RH. 1981. Gastro-intestinal absorption of lead (203Pb) in chicks Influence of lead, calcium and age. JNutr 111 1757-1765. 

Mykkanen HM, Wasserman RH. 1982. Effect of vitamin D on the intestinal absorption of 203Pb and 47Ca in chicks. J Nutr 112 520-527. 

Selvaraj, RK, Koutsos, EA, Calvert, CC, and Klasing, KC, 2006. Dietary lutein and fat interact to modify macrophage properties in chicks hatched from carotenoid deplete or replete eggs. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 90, 70-80. 

Vailati, S., Moretti, M., Balestra, B., McIntosh, M., Clementi, F., Gotti, C. Beta3 subunit is present in different nicotinic receptor subtypes in chick retina. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 393 23, 2000. 

Mokady S, Avron M and Ben-Amotz A. 1990. Accumulation in chick livers of 9-cis versus all-frans-beta-carotene. J Nutr 120 889-892. 

Several attenuated strains have been developed for use in vaccine preparations. The most commonly used is the Jeryl Linn strain, which is propagated in chick embryo cell culture. This vaccine has been administered to well over 50 million people worldwide and, typically, results in seroconversion rates of over 97 per cent. The Sabin (oral poliomyelitis) vaccine consists of an aqueous suspension of poliomyelitis virus, usually grown in cultures of monkey kidney tissue. It contains approximately 1 million particles of poliomyelitis strains 1,2 or 3 or a combination of all three strains. 

Domestic chicken, Gallus sp. to prevent nickel deficiency in chicks Mallard, Anas platyrhynchos More than 50 pg/kg ration 8, 9, 10... 

Gilani, S.H. and M. Marano. 1980. Congenital abnormalities in nickel poisoning in chick embryos. Arch. 

Nielsen, FH., D.R. Myron, S.H. Givand, and D.A. Ollerich. 1975a. Nickel dehciency and nickel-rhodium interaction in chicks. Jour. Nutr. 105 1607-1619. 

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