Adaptive immune system response

IFNs are natural glycoproteins produced by the cells of most vertebrates in response to the challenge by foreign agents, such as infectious organisms (viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites), and by tumor cells. IFNs can be produced by cells of the innate and adaptive immune systems and by non-immune cells such as fibroblasts and epithelial cells. 

Once the hapten has been designed and prepared, it is conjugated with a carrier protein to induce the best immunogenicity as possible to elicit an immune response in the animal (most commonly a mouse) in which it is inoculated. The antibodies produced by the defense mechanism of the adaptive immune system that specifically recognizes the hapten are then isolated, overproduced, and purified for testing their catalytic activity toward the targeted chemical reaction. 

When the innate immune response is inadequate to cope with infection, the adaptive immune system is mobilized by cues from the innate response. The adaptive immune system has a number of characteristics that contribute to its success in eliminating pathogens. These include the ability (1) to respond to a variety of antigens, each in a specific manner (2) to discriminate between... 

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