Abnormal development

Teratogens Toxins that cause abnormal development or birth defects. 

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a recessive genetic disorder prevalent among whites in North America and certain parts of northern Europe. It is characterized by chronic bacterial infections of the airways and sinuses, fat maldigestion due to pancreatic exocrine insufficiency, infertility in males due to abnormal development of the vas deferens, and elevated levels of chloride in sweat (> 60 mmol/L). 

Lu M, Grove EA, MiUer R1 (2002) Abnormal development of the hippocampal dentate gyrus in mice lacking the CXCR4 chemokine receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99 7090-7095 Luster AD (1998) Chemokines-chemotactic cytokines that mediate inflammation. N Engl 1 Med 338 436 45... 

Representative nickel-sensitive aquatic species show sublethal effects at 11.7 to 125 pg Ni/L. These effects include altered immunoregulatory mechanisms in tissues of the rainbow trout at 11.7 pg/L (Bowser etal. 1994), inhibited reproduction of daphnids at 30 pg/L, growth inhibition of freshwater and marine algae at 30 to 125 pg/L, reduced growth of rainbow trout at 35 pg/L, accumulation from the medium by mussels at 56 pg/L, and abnormal development of sea urchin embryos at 58 pg/L (NRCC 1981 WHO 1991 Outridge and Scheuhammer 1993 Table 6.7). 

Larvae 250 Increasing incidence of abnormal development and mortality 12... 

Larvae 50 50% abnormal development during exposure for 9 days 13... 

Aqueous solutions 2.8 mg/kg egg, equivalent to 0.56 kg/ha or 0.5 pounds/ acre 8.3 mg/kg egg 23% dead, survivors stunted, 9% abnormal (Hoffman and Eastin 1982) 50% dead. The computed LC50 concentration was about 1.5 times the recommended field application rate. At 1.5-3.0 times the field level, paraquat produced abnormal development, including edema, stunting, and brain malformations (Hoffman and Albers 1984)... 

Specimens from Radio Is., North Carolina (not a true tropical system, see text for details) Pachydictyol A inhibits the sea urchin A. punctulata and dictyol A acetate inhibits this sea urchin species, the amphipod Ampithoe longimana, and the pinlish /,. rhomboides (Bolser and Hay 1996). Pachydictyol A, dictyol B acetate, dictyol E, and dictyodial, also obtained from the same specimens, cause larval mortality, abnormal development, and reduced growth in bryozoans and hydroid species (Schmitt et al. 1998)... 

Abnormal Brain Development. In a certain sense, neurodegenerative disorders reside at the opposite end of the spectrum from the so-called neurodevelopmental diseases. These result from abnormal development of brain circuitry. The causes of... 

Sylvain NJ, Brewster DL, Ali DW (2010) Zebrafish embryos exposed to alcohol undergo abnormal development of motor neurons and muscle fibers. Neurotoxicol Teratol 32 472-480... 

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