Hypersensitivity/allergic reactions

The most common adverse reactions seen with administration of the cephalosporins are gastrointestinal disturbances, such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea Hypersensitivity (allergic) reactions may occur with administration of the cephalosporins and range from mild to life threatening. Mild hypersensitivity reactions include pruritus, urticaria, and skin rashes. More serious hypersensitivity reactions include S teveils-Johnson syndrome (fever, cough, muscular aches and... 

The most significant problems related to the occurrence of hypersensitive allergic reactions are... 

Yet another classification system refers to the nature of the host s response to the causative agent. Some agents, referred to as intrinsic hepatotoxicants, will cause hepatotoxicity in most individuals of most species. In the case of idiosyncratic hepatotoxicants, where a chemical s toxic effects are a function of unusual susceptibility of the exposed individual, it may not be clear whether the lesion is a manifestation of the hepatotoxic properties of the substance in question or a manifestation of the individual s untoward response to the agent. This response may mean hypersensitivity (allergic) reactions or exaggerated responses to minor alterations in liver function. For example, anabolic or contraceptive steroids cause diminished biliary excretion (cholestasis) in most... 

Immunosuppression is not the only mechanism by which immunotoxins affect humans. Some chemicals, including anhydrides and isocyanates, are immunostimulants (also referred to as immunoenhancers), or allergens, compounds that stimulate specific immune responses and induce hypersensitivity (allergic reaction) in susceptible individuals. 

IgE, or immunoglobulin E, is associated with mast cells, which are basophils, a type of granular white blood cell that has left the bloodstream and entered a tissue. Mast cells release histamine and heparin, chemicals that mediate allergic reactions. Not surprisingly, IgE is responsible for immediate hypersensitivity (allergic) reactions and immune defense against parasites. 

Hypersensitivity Allergic reactions occur, especially in persons with asthma, urticaria, angioedema, or similar conditions. Hypersensitivity reactions include localized swellings, particularly of the eyeUds, cheeks, or Ups, and erythematous dermatitis. Rarely, exfoliative dermatitis may be caused by phenobarbital and can prove fatal the skin eruption may be associated with fever, deUrium, and marked degenerative changes in the liver and other parenchymatous organs. 

Hypersensitivity Allergic reactions, including skin rashes and fever, occur commonly. Cross-allergenicity between the individual sulfonamides should be assumed and may also occur with chemically related dmgs (eg, oral hypoglycemics, thiazides). Exfoliative dermatitis, polyarteritis nodosa, and Stevens-Johnson syndrome have occurred rarely. 

Beta 2 adrenergic agonists Acute and chronic bronchial asthma, emphysema, bronchitis, acute hypersensitive (allergic) reaction to drugs, delays delivery in premature labor, dysmenorrhea Common drug examples ... 

The cephalosporins generally cause few side effects (80,132,219—221). Thrombophlebitis occurs as a result of intravenous administration of all cephalosporins. Hypersensitivity reactions related to the cephalosporins are the most common side effects observed, but these are less common than found with the penicillins. Clinically only about 5—10% of patients with allergic reactions to the penicillins manifest the same reactions to the cephalosporins, and data would contradict any tme cross-reactivity to cephalosporins in patients who have previously reacted to penicillin (80,132,219). 

Prolonged contact with certain chromium compounds may produce allergic reactions and dermatitis in some individuals (114). The initial response is usually caused by exposure to Cr(VI) compounds, but once the allergy is estabUshed, it is extended to the trivalent compounds (111,115). There is also limited evidence of possible chromium associated occupational asthma, but there is insufficient data to estimate a dose for assumed chromium-induced asthma. Reference 116 provides a summary and discussion of chromium hypersensitivity. 

Sensitizer A sensitizer is defined by OSHA as "a chemical that causes a substantial proportion of exposed people or animals to develop an allergic reaction in normal tissue after repeated exposure to the chemical." The condition of being sensitized to a chemical is also called chemical hypersensitivity. Certain chemicals have no immediate health effect. But if you are exposed to them several times, they can make you allergic or sensitive to other chemicals. A classic example is formaldehyde (HCHO). Typical reactions to sensitizers can include skin disorders such as eczema. When working with sensitizers, always use proper protective equipment such as gloves, respirators, etc. Once you are sensitized to a particular chemical, even minute amounts will cause symptoms. Sensitization is usually a lifelong effect. 

Oral corrosion of metallic restorations does not, per se, generally result in serious damage to the structure. Corrosion can result, however, in various local and systemic effects, notably the hypersensitivity and allergic reactions reported by many workers. Galvanic cells created by mixed metal couples can delay fracture healing and induce oral lesions and cancer. 

Type IV allergic reactions are cell-mediated hypersensitivity reactions which are characterized by the expansion of T lymphocytes specific for foreign substances exposed on cell surfaces. In type FVa allergic reactions, this results in the cell-mediated destruction of the cells, whereas in type FVb allergic reactions an... 

A hypersensitivity (or allergic) reaction to a drug occurs in some individuals, especially those with a history of allergy to many substances. Signs and symptoms of a hypersensitivity to penicillin are highlighted in Display 7-3. 

The NSAIDs are contraindicated in patients with known hypersensitivity. There is a cross-sensitivity to other NSAIDs. Therefore, if a patient is allergic to one NSAID, there is an increased risk of an allergic reaction with any other NSAID. Hypersensitivity to aspirin is a contraindication for all NSAIDs. In general, the NSAIDs are contraindicated during the third trimester of pregnancy and during lactation. 

Iron salts occasionally cause gastrointestinal irritation, nausea, vomiting, constipation, diarrhea, headache, backache, and allergic reactions. The stools usually appear darker (black). Iron dextran is given by the parenteral route Hypersensitivity reactions, including fatal anaphylactic reactions, have been reported with the use of this form of iron. Additional adverse reactions include soreness, inflammation, and sterile abscesses at the intramuscular (IM) injection site Intravenous (IV) administration may result in phlebitis at the injection site When iron is administered via the IM route, a brownish discoloration of tlie skin may occur. Fhtients with rheumatoid arthritis may experience an acute exacerbation of joint pain, and swelling may occur when iron dextran is administered. 

Hypnotics. Common hypnotics are thiopental, propofol, midazolam, etomidate, ketamine and inhaled anesthetics. The incidence of hypersensitivity reactions with thiopental is rare. Recently, thiopental was involved in less than 1% of allergic reactions in France [9]. Ever since Cremophor EL, used as a solvent for some non-barbiturate hypnotics, has been avoided, many previously reported hypersensitivity reactions have disappeared. In the last French surveys, reactions to propofol accounted for less than 2.5% of allergic reactions, and reactions to midazolam, etomidate or ketamine appear to be really rare [9]. Finally, no immune-mediated immediate hypersensitivity reaction involving isoflurane, desflurane or sevoflurane has been reported despite their wide use. 

Allergic contact dermatitis is a delayed hypersensitivity reaction.30 Upon initial exposure, a substance penetrates the skin, binds to a protein and develops into sensitizing antigens. Subsequent exposures to that substance will then elicit an allergic reaction.25,29,30 Symptoms of allergic contact dermatitis are similar to those of the irritant type, but may take several hours to several days to develop following re-exposure.25,26... 

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