Hydroxyapatite mesenchymal stem cells

ALP alkaline phosphatase, Cht chitosan, DPM direct polymer melt, HDMECs human dermal microvascular endothelial cells, HUVECs human umbilical vein endothelial cells, MSCs mesenchymal stem cells, nHA nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite, PBS poly(butylene succinate), PCL poly(e-caprolactone), PGA poly (glycolic acid), PLA Poly(lactic acid), PLGA poIy(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid), PLCL poly(L-lactide-co-e-caprolactone)... 

Mesenchymal stem cells isolated from murine bone marrow were applied in a study designed to evaluate the molecular toxicity of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (Remya et al., 2014). Hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (50 nm) were used to study the cytotoxicity, nanoparticle uptake, effect on cytoskeletal arrangement, oxidative stress response and apoptotic behaviour with the confluent cells as per standard protocols. The results of the MTT assay indicated that hydroxyapatite nanoparticles do not induce cytotoxicity up to 800 pg ml-1. It was also observed that apoptosis related to oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production following nanoparticle treatment was comparable to that of the control (cells without treatment). Hence, it can be concluded that mesenchymal stem cell in vitro cultures can be used as a model to evaluate the potential toxicity of nanomaterials. 

Remya, N.S., Syama, S., Gayathri, V., Varma, H.K., and Mohanan, P.V. (2014) An in vitro study on the interaction of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells for assessing the toxicological behaviour. Colloids Surf, B, 117, 389-397. 

Venugopal, J., R. Rajeswari, M. Shayanti, S. Low, A. Bongso, V.R. Giri Dev, G. Deepika, A.T. Choon, and S. Ramakrishna. Electrosprayed hydroxyapatite on polymer nanofibers to differentiate mesenchymal stem cells to osteogenesis. Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition 24(2) (2012) 170-184. 

For specific applications [e.g., bone tissue engineering], BC-gelatin/PA doped with hydroxyapatite [HAp] were synthesized [BC-gelatin/PA/Hap]. The cell compatibility of BC-gelatin/PA/HAp was tested with mesenchymal stem cells [58]. The results indicated that the composite supported cell growth and proliferation, over 7 days of cultivation. Studies on the effectiveness of composites in vitro and in vivo behavior should be further explored. 

Vines, J.B., Lim, D.J., Anderson, J.M., Jun, H.W. Hydroxyapatite nanoparticle reinforced peptide amphiphile nanomatrix enhances the osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells by compositional ratios. Acta Biomater. 8, 4053-4063 (2012)... 

Behnia H, Khojasteh A, Kiani MT, Khoshzaban A, Mashhadi Abbas F, Bashtar M, et al. Bone regeneration with a combination of nanocrystaUine hydroxyapatite silica gel, platelet-rich growth factor, and mesenchymal stem cells a histologic study in rabbit calvaria. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2013 115 e7-15. 

Mesenchymal stem cells harvested from rabbits were induced into osteoblasts in vitro and were cultured for a week, statically loaded onto the porous hydroxyapatite + chitin matrices and implanted into bone defects of the rabbit femur for 2 months. The histology of explants showed bone regeneration with the biodegradation of the hydroxyapatite + chitin matrix. Similarly, green fluorescence protein transfected mesenchymal stem cells-induced osteoblasts were also loaded onto porous hydroxyapatite + chitin matrices and implanted into the rabbit femur. Mesenchymal stem cells-induced osteoblasts did not only proliferate but also recruited surrounding tissue to grow in. The hydroxyapatite + chitin matrix qualified for tissue-engineered bone substitutes (Ge et al. 2004). 

Zhao F, Grayson WL, Ma T (2006) Effects of hydroxyapatite in 3-D chitosan-gelatin polymer network on human mesenchymal stem cell constmct development. Biomaterials 27 1859-1867... 

Manso M., Ogueta S., Herrero P., Vazquez L., Langlet M., Garcia P. Biological evaluation of aerosol-gel-derived hydroxyapatite coatings with human mesenchymal stem cells. Biomaterials 2002 23 3985-3990... 

Lee, J. H., Rim, N. G., Jung, H. S. et al. 2010. Control of osteogenic differentiation and mineralization of human mesenchymal stem cells on composite nanofibers containing poly[lactic-co-(glycolic acid)] and hydroxyapatite. Macromol Biosci 10 173-82. 

Zhou, X.Z., Leung, V.Y., Dong, Q.R. et al. 2008. Mesenchymal stem cell-based repair of articular cartilage with polyglycolic acid-hydroxyapatite biphasic scaffold. Int Artif Organs 31(6) 480-489. 

Huang, Z., Yu, B., Feng, Q., Li, S., Chen, Y, Luo, L., 2011. In situ-forming chitosan/ nano-hydroxyapatite/collagen gel for the delivery of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Carbohydrate Polymers 85, 261-267. 

Kim, T.G., Park, S.-H., Chung, H.J., Yang, D.-Y., Park, T.G., 2010. Microstructured scaffold coated with hydroxyapatite/collagen nanocomposite multilayer for enhanced osteogenic induction of human mesenchymal stem cells. Journal of Materials Chemistry 20, 8927-8933. 

D. Xue, Q. Zheng, C. Zong, Q. Li, H. Li, S. Qian, B. Zhang, L. Yu, Z. Pan, Osteochondral repair using porous poly(lactide-co-glycolide)/nano-hydroxyapatite hybrid scaffolds with undifferentiated mesenchymal stem cells in a rat model, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A... 

Mygind T, Stiehler M, Baatrup A, Li H, Zou X, Flyvbjerg A, Kassem M, Bunger C. 2007. Mesenchymal stem cell ingrowth and differentiation on coralUne hydroxyapatite scaffolds. Biomaterials 28(6) 1036-47. 

Jung, O., Hanken, H., Smeets, R., Hartjen, R, Eriedrich, R.E., Schwab, B., Grobe, A., Heiland, M., Al-Dam, A., Eichhom, W., Sehner, S., Kolk, A., Woltje, M., Stein, J.M., 2014. Osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells in fibrin-hydroxyapatite matrix in a 3-dimensional mesh scaffold. In Vivo 28, 477—482. 

Abbreviations HAPC, hydroxyapatite/collagen MSC, mesenchymal stem cells TTeC, tyramine-tetronic-grafted chitosan copolymer. 

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