Hydroxy butyl acrylate

In many cases, azobis(isobutyronitrile) (AIBN) is employed as radical initiator. The polymerization conditions, in particular solvent, depend mainly on both, solubility of the starting sf monomers and choice of comonomer. To give just a few examples, copolymers of dodecafluoroheptyl methacrylate with methacrylic acid could be synthesized in dioxane due to the solubilizing effect of methacrylic acid [66], copolymers of sfMA-H2F8 and sfMA-H2F4 with styrene could be prepared in toluene [35], and copolymerizations of i/methacrylates with butyl acrylate, hydroxy-butyl acrylate, and styrene were performed using tert-butyl peroxyacetate as initiator in methyl amyl ketone [31]. 

Benzeneamine, N-hydroxy-N-nitroso,ammonium salt Nitrilotrlacetic acid 4,4 -Thiodianiline Ethyl acrylate Butyl acrylate Ethyleneimine (Aziridine) p-Nrtrosodiphenylamine Calcium cyanamide Hydrazine Aldrin... 

The Ziegler-Natta catalyst trimethylammonium o-methyl-1-(2-hydroxy Icy do hexyl)-carborane zirconium chloride has been prepared and affixed to a Merrifield resin. When used as a polymerization catalyst for vinyl chloride, t-butyl acrylate, styrene, or ethylene, oligomers with molecular weights <6000 daltons were obtained. 

Kubisa et al. also used hydroxy-functional PEG after reaction with 2-bromo-propionyl bromide as an ATRP macroinitiator [228]. Their goal, however, was to polymerize ferf-butyl acrylate, rather than St, then to hydrolyze the esters to acid functionality and study the cation binding properties of the doubly amphiphilic block copolymers. They utilized a CuBr/PMDETA catalyst system for the polymerization and, although the macroinitiator was completely consumed, MALDI-TOF analysis indicated that bromine was replaced with a hydrogen at... 

We chose 2-chlorotrityl chloride resin for the attachment of acrylic acid, because in solution-phase chemistry the best results have been obtained by using aryl acrylates or (erf-butyl acrylates [21], In addition to DABCO (1,4-diazabicyclo [2.2.2]octane) - the most common tertiary cyclic amine for this type of reaction - we also used the more reactive 3-quinuclidinol (3-hydroxy-quinuclidine, 3-HQN) for the Baylis-Hillman reaction with aldehydes. We used 26 different aldehydes and obtained good to excellent purities, as determined by analytical HPLC. 

The halogen functional polymer can react with a thiol by nucleophilic reaction, resulting in a polymeric thioether and a hydrogen halide. The latter is trapped by a basic additive, preventing a reverse reaction. Snijder et al. [135] used this technique to modify the end group of poly( -butyl acrylate) into a hydroxy-functional polymer. With 2-mercaptoethanol, the yield of functionalization was higher with the addition of 1,4-diazabicyclo[2,2,2]octane (DABCO) to the reaction mixture. The addition of DABCO allows for the formation of a sulfide anion, which is a stronger nucleophile. They studied this... 

Stable radicals, such as nitroxides hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyloxy (TEMPO) [8,156], can be added to the polymerization medium to terminate all polymer radicals produced. For styrenes and acrylates [157], this mainly occurs through combination. Chambard et al. [157] showed this technique allows for the modification of poly( -butyl acrylate)-Br in the presence of an excess of hydroxy-TEMPO, resulting in hydroxy-functional poly( -butyl acrylate) with good functionality (f> 95%). This process is not desirable, because the polymer produced is thermally unstable (carbon nitroxide) and cannot be used at high temperature. 

The radical containing an hydroxyethyl group which is formed (9.5), initiates the formation of polymeric chains which, by recombination, give hydroxy-telechelic polymers (reactions 9.6 and 9.7). Based on the principles mentioned various hydroxy-telechelic polymers were obtained by radical polymerisation of styrene [9], acrylonitrile [10], butyl acrylate or butadiene [10-14]. Of course, the oligo-polyols derived from styrene and acrylonitrile are solid and difficult to use in PU, but butyl acrylate and butadiene lead to liquid polymers with terminal hydroxyl groups, which are useful in polyurethane manufacture. 

IPN crosslinked PBA, crosslinked uncrosslinked SAN Poly(p-hydroxy styrene), PVPh and EVAl Acrylic core-shell copolymer and either PBT or PET Poly(allyl methacrylate-co-butyl acrylate-co-butanediol dimethacrylate-co-styrene-co-methyl methacrylate) or poly (aery lonitrile-co-butyl aery late-co-tricy clodeceny 1 aery late-co- styrene) Poly(acrylate-V-cyclohexyl maleimide), PMI, and a copolymer PMMA — core, crosslinked butyl acrylate-styrene copolymer — middle layer, and PMMA shell d = 200-300 nm PEG/atactic PMMA blends were characterized by PVT at T = 20-200°C and P = 0-200 MPa. Free volume fraction was calculated from an equation of state... 

Materials. VEC was prepared by the catalyzed addition of CO2 to 3,4-epoxy-l-butene using conditions typical of that used industrially [77], then purified by vacuum distillation. Other raw materials were used as received without any additional purification. Mixed xylenes, vinyl acetate (VA), butyl acrylate (BA), butyl methacrylate (BMA), methyl methacrylate (MMA), styrene (St), and t-butyl hydroperoxide were obtained from Aldrich Chemical Company. Lupersol 575 (t-amyl peroxy (2-ethylhexanoate)) was supplied by Elf Atochem. Vazo 67 (2,2 -azobis(2-methylbutyronitrile)) was obtained from DuPont Chemical Company. Vinyl pivalate (NE05), vinyl 2-ethylhexanoate (V2EH), Tergitol NP-40 (non-ionic surfactant) and QP-300 (hydroxy ethyl cellulose) were obtained from Union Carbide Coq)oration. Aerosol OT-75 (surfactant) was obtained from Cytec. Sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate was obtained from Henkel Corporation. Ethyl 3-ethoxy propionate (EEP), propylene glycol monomethyl ether (PM) and PM acetate (PM Ac) are Eastman Chemical Company products. 

Chart 9.6 Chemical structures of random copolymers used for 157 nm lithography (a) poly[4-(2-hydroxy hexafluoro isopropyl) styrene-co-t-butyl acrylate] and (b) poly[4-(2-hydroxy hexafluoro isopropyl) styrene-co-t-butyl methacrylate] [35]. 

Knoop CA, Studer A (2003) Hydroxy- and silyloxy-substituted TEMPO derivatives for the living free-radical polymerization of styrene and n-butyl acrylate synthesis, kinetics, and mechanistic studies. J Am Chem Soc 125 16327-16333... 

The polyacrylate used by Sim et al., (2011) is a thermoplastic acrylic copolymer synthesized (Gan, 2005) by free-radical polymerization of six monomer units added in semi batches to the reactor, as described in detail by Zhou et al., (2004). Schematic representation of the chemical stmcture of PAc showing part of the random distribution of the six monomer units viz. styrene, methyl methacrylate (MMA), butyl acrylate (BA), AA, 2-hydroxy ethylacrylate (2HEA), and isobutyl methacrylate (iBMA) in the backbone of the copolymer is shown in Figure 13 (Sim et al., 2009). The alphabets a-f denote mole fraction of 0.16, 0.17,0.39,0.19,0.06, and 0.03, respectively of each monomer unit in the copolymer. Figure 14 displays the difference in the results between a miscible and an immiscible blend systems. 

Ag-poly(butyl acrylate-co-styrene) nanocomposites were prepared by Yin et al. [410] where the silver nanoparticles were obtained from a microemulsion. An aqueous solution of AgN03 was added to a mixture of toluene, butylacrylate, styrene, sodium dodecyl sulfate and 2-hydroxy-a-methacrylate (HEMA). A transparent microemulsion formed after addition of Span 80 under stirring. This product was bubbled with N2 and irradiated with to y-ray source for 6h (the irradiation helped both polymerization of monomers and reduction of metal ions). Silver particles, collected after de-emulsification by acetone and water, had an average size of about 8.5 nm. 

Recently Saunders (39) conducted a detailed study of emulsion latices made from methyl ethyl ketoxime-blocked lEM (lEM-MEKO). Compositions investigated were styrene/-butyl acrylate/IEM-MEKO, styrene/butyl aerylate/IEM-MEKO latex formulated with active hydrogen compounds and styrene/butyl acrylate/IEM-MEKO copolymerized with vinyl acids or hydroxy monomers. The effect of urethane catalysts on the deblocking/curing reaction was also studied. 

An enzyme-labile so-called safety catch linker 452 was used successfully in various palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions [592]. The linker 452, which releases a hydroxy or an amino functionality on enzymatic cleavage of its phenylacetamide moiety and subsequent rapid lactam formation, was attached to a soluble POE 6000 (polyethylene oxide) polymer and its free phenylacetic acid moiety was transformed to an m-iodobenzyl ester. The thus immobilized m-iodobenzyl alcohol was Heck-coupled with tert-butyl acrylate, and the coupling product 453 was cleaved off the solid support with penicillin G acylase under very mild conditions (pH 7, 37°C) (Scheme 8.84). 

Scheme 24. Examples of antioxidant modified polymers prepared by copolymerization of various monomers with reactive UVAs. (a) Hydroxy benzotriazole-based antioxidants R=H, CH3 (antioxidants with vinyl or isopropenyl reactive groups) R =CeH5, R"=H (styrene), R =COCH3, R"=CH3 (methyl methacrylate) R =COOCH3, R"=H (n-butyl acrylate), (b) Hydroxy benzophenone-based antioxidant copolymerized with ethylene.

Tris(alkoxycarbonylamino)triazine (TACT), a mixed methyl and butyl carbamate derivative of melamine, acts as an alcohol blocked isocyanate (21). TACT is much more reactive than conventional alcohol blocked isocyanates, since it is activated by the triazine ring. It cross-links hydroxy-functional acrylics at 125°C in 30 min, comparable to (or lower than) oxime blocked isocyanates. The reaction is not catalyzed by tin compounds it is catalyzed to a small extent by dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid. 

One can also make combined acrylic/urethane (hybrid) aqueous dispersions (33). Acrylic monomers are emulsion polymerized in the presence of an aqueous dispersion of a hydroxy-terminated polyurethane. The polyurethane stabilizes the aqueous dispersion, minimizing need for surfactant. Coalescence requires balance of the Tg of both the urethane and acrylic parts of the system. Compositions based on an IPDl/polypropylene glycol/DMPA urethane with styrene/methyl methacry-late/butyl acrylate are reported to form films at low temperatures. 

The monomers used for preparation of acrylic polymers vary in nature and can generally be classified as hard (such as methylmethacrylate, styrene and vinyl acetate) or soft (such as ethyl acrylate, butyl acrylate, 2-ethyl hexyl acrylate). Reactive monomers may also have hydroxyl groups (such as hydroxy ethyl acrylate). Acidic monomers such as methacrylic acid are also reactive and may be included in small amounts in order that the acid groups may enhance pigment dispersion. The practical coating systems are usually copolymers of hard and soft monomers. The polymer hardness is characterized by its glass transition temperature, Tg. The Tg (K) of the copolymer can be estimated from the Tg of the individual Tg (K) of the homopolymers with weight fractions and Wj,... 

DPC has in recent years been applied to studies on a range of photopolymers including DF 2000 photopolymer [6], cinnamonyl methacrylate-glycidyl methacrylate copolymer [7], multiethylene glycol dimethacrylate [8], Ebecryl 270 (aliphatic urethane diacrylate [8], 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate and 2-hydroxy-2 methyl phenyl propane-l-one (Darocure 1173) [2], epoxy acrylates [9], epoxy vinyl ether formulations [10], polyarylates, maleimides and vinyl ethers [11], hydroxylated polyimides [12], polystyrene-poly-w-butyl acrylate copolymers [13], and 3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexane-l-phenol adducts [1]. 

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