Glycidyl methacrylate-styrene copolymer

J. M. Huang, M. Y. Jn, C. J. Hnng, W. C. Luoh, and F. C. Chang. Polymer blends of poly(ethylene-2,6-naphthalate) with polystyrene compatibilized by styrene-glycidyl methacrylate copolymers. I. Rheology, morphology, and mechanical properties. J. Appl. Polym. ScL, 87(6) 967-975, February 2003. 

BASF AG [208] proposed glycidyl methacrylate copolymers as a chain extending additive. A particular version of this approach is Joncryl ADR 4368, a styrene-glycidyl methacrylate copolymer. This also appears to be the active ingredient in CESA-Extend , a masterbatch for chain extension of recycled polyesters jointly developed by Clariant and Johnson Polymer [181, 186]. 

PA6 PPG Compatibilized with styrene-glycidyl methacrylate copolymers 252... 

Chen, B., Tang, T, Xu, S., Zhang, X., Huang, B. Compatibilization of polyam-ide-6/syndiotactic polystyrene blends using styrene/glycidyl methacrylate copolymers. Polymer Journal, 35(2), 141-147 (2003). 

Figure 2. Experimental data on copolymer resist sensitivities in relation to constituent monomer mole fraction. The following references and abbreviations are used P(ST-CMS), chloromethylated polystyrene (8) P(ST-CS), chlorinated polystyrene ( ) P(ST-IS), iodi-nated polystyrene (100 P(ET-CE), chlorinated polyethylene ( 6)a P(ET-BE), brominated polyethylene C165a P(ST-GMA), poly (styrene glycidyl methacrylate)...

Glycidyl methacrylate copolymers Ethylene/butyl acrylate/maleic anhydride copolymers Styrene/ethylene-butylene/styrene block copolymer Poly(amide) (PA), MgO Silicone rubber and aminosilane Liquid crystalline polymers Improved impact strength Improved impact strength" Improved impact strength Improved electrical properties, in glass fiber applications" Improved mechanical properties" Viscosity reduction" ... 

Poly(styrene) (PS) is not compatible with PEN. Styrene/glycidyl methacrylate (SG) copolymers react with the terminal groups of PEN during melt blending. This results in the formation of SG-g-PEN copolymers in the blend. These copolymers tend to reside along the interface to PS and thus function as effective compatibilizers in blends of PS and PEN. ... 

SANGMA Styrene-acrylonitrile-glycidyl methacrylate copolymer... 

This technique has been used extensively for the determination of functional groups, in polymers and copolymers (Chapter 3) and in comonomer analysis (Chapter 4). Both these aspects are concerned with the determination of polymer structure. For example the distinction between free and combined vinyl acetate in vinyl chloride - vinyl acetate copolymers (Section 3.4.4) or the elucidation of the structure of methylmethacrylate (MMA) - glycidyl methacrylate copolymers (Section 3.6.1) or the elucidation of the various types of unsaturation occurring in styrene - butadiene copolymers (Sections 3.9.3, 3.9.4). Typical infrared (IR) spectra of copolymers are shown in Figures 6.1 to 6.4. 

A variety of other blends have been examined, including mixtures of various molecular weight polyethylene glycols (228), styrene/methacrylic acid ionomer in combination with polyoxyethylene or polyoxypropylene (229), methyl methacrylate/methacrylonitrile copolymers and methyl methacrylate/glycidyl methacrylate copolymers blended with polyepichlorohydrin (230). Poly(ethyl methacrylate) and poly(ethylene oxide)... 

A Japanese patent72) claims the synthesis of thermally stable copolymers by free-radical terpolymerization of dialkylstannyl dimethacrylates, glycidyl methacrylate and vinyl monomers (vinyl chloride, styrene, vinyl acetate, etc.). The products contain 0.5 to 30% tin and 0.05 to 7 % epoxide oxygen. 

Figure 14.9 Effect of various impact modifiers (25wt%) on the notched Izod impact strength of recycled PET (as moulded and annealed at 150°C for 16 h) E-GMA, glycidyl-methacrylate-functionalized ethylene copolymer E-EA-GMA, ethylene-ethyl acrylate-glycidyl methacrylate (72/20/8) terpolymer E-EA, ethylene-ethyl acrylate EPR, ethylene propylene rubber MA-GPR, maleic anhydride grafted ethylene propylene rubber MBS, poly(methyl methacrylate)-g-poly(butadiene/styrene) BuA-C/S, poly(butyl acrylate-g-poly(methyl methacrylate) core/shell rubber. Data taken from Akkapeddi etal. [26]...

Since the late 1960 s a few papers have demonstrated compositional analysis of various polymer systans by Raman spectroscopy. For example, Boerio and Yuann (U) developed a method of analysis for copolymers of glycidyl methacrylate with methyl methacrylate and styrene. Sloane and Bramston-Cook (5) analyzed the terpolymer system poly(methyl methacrylate-co-butadiene-co-styrene). The composition of copolymers of styrene-ethylene dimethacrylate and styrene-divinylbenzene was determined by Stokr et (6). Finally, Water (7) demonstrated that Raman spectroscopy could determine the amount of residual monomer in poly(methyl methacrylate) to the % level. This was subsequently lowered to less than 0.1% (8). In spite of its many advantages, the potential of Raman spectroscopy for the analysis of polymer systems has never been fully exploited. 

Table 6.2 Copolymer composition Xt versus monomer feed composition x° of bulk radical copolymerization of glycidyl methacrylate M, and styrene M2 (T = 60 °C, p < 0.1). In three columns the experimental data obtained [217] by means of chemical analysis of epoxy group content (EA), Infra Red (IR) and Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectra are presented...

Most research into the study of dispersion polymerization involves common vinyl monomers such as styrene, (meth)acrylates, and their copolymers with stabilizers like polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) [33-40], poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) [18,41],poly(methacrylicacid) [42],or hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC) [43,44] in polar media (usually alcohols). However, dispersion polymerization is also used widely to prepare functional microspheres in different media [45, 46]. Some recent examples of these preparations include the (co-)polymerization of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) [47,48],4-vinylpyridine (4VP) [49], glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) [50-53], acrylamide (AAm) [54, 55], chloro-methylstyrene (CMS) [56, 57], vinylpyrrolidone (VPy) [58], Boc-p-amino-styrene (Boc-AMST) [59],andAT-vinylcarbazole (NVC) [60] (Table 1). Dispersion polymerization is usually carried out in organic liquids such as alcohols and cyclohexane, or mixed solvent-nonsolvents such as 2-butanol-toluene, alcohol-toluene, DMF-toluene, DMF-methanol, and ethanol-DMSO. In addition to conventional PVP, PAA, and PHC as dispersant, poly(vinyl methyl ether) (PVME) [54], partially hydrolyzed poly(vinyl alcohol) (hydrolysis=35%) [61], and poly(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate-fo-butyl methacrylate)... 

Figure 7-3 records the changes of monomer feed and copolymer compositions with conversion in the case of glycidyl methacrylate and styrene. This copoly-merizalion would produce an essentially styrenic polymer which is cross-linkable through the pendant epoxy groups of the methacrylate residues. The last 10% of copolymer formed is practically pure polystyrene. In the styrene-butadiene copolymerization depicted in Fig. 7-4, the product composition is almost constant for the first 70% of the reaction where this polymerization would normally be halted anyway (Section 7.2.3). 

It has been found [105,106] in particular that the reaction product [poly (BMEGMA-co-MMA)] derived from glycidyl methacrylate/methyl methacrylate copolymers [poly(GMA-co-MMA)] and a-(2-carboxyethyl)benzoin methyl ether (CEBME) (Scheme 26), although less efficient than CEBME alone in the UV initiated polymerization of styrene, exhibits a markedly enhanced photocrosslinking activity. 

After the formulas for rate constants are known, any diad sequence distribution can be calculated in the copolymer with an unknown composition from the dimer yields. The procedure has been studied for several copolymers including poly(acrylonitrile-co-m-chlorostyrene) [17], poly(styrene-co-glycidyl methacrylate) [19], poly(acrylonitrile-co-p-chlorostyrene) [17], poly(styrene-co-methacrylate) [20], poly(styrene-co-p-chlorostyrene) [18], and for other copolymers [14, 21-29]. 

A series of copolymer hydroquinone diacrylate (HyDA) resins were characterised by using C CP/MAS NMR spectroscopy [43]. The series include styrene-HyDA, glycidyl methacrylate-HyDA, phenylmethacrylate (PhMA)-HyDA, 2,4,6-tribromophenyl acrylate-HyDA, and 4-acetylphenyl-methacrylate-HyDA. The C CP/MAS spectrum of the PhMA-co-HyDA copolymer is shown in Fig. 15.2.38 with the " C- H solution NMR spectrum of poly(PhMA). 

Glycidyl methacrylate has also been grafted to polyethylene and to poly(ethylene-co-propylene) using peroxides in extruders.87 The reactive group need not be pendant. It can be part of a copolymer. Ethylene-methyl acrylate copolymers and styrene-maleic anhydride copolymers have been reacted with ammonia and with amines in extruders.88... 

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