Hydroxy alkyl methacrylate

The vinyl urethanes are normally derived from hydroxyl-terminated unsaturated polyester alkyds, e.g., propoxylated bisphenol A fumarate, which have been end-capped with a polyisocyanate and then subsequently end-capped with an hydroxy alkyl methacrylate. Thus, these resins have both terminal acrylic and in-chain maleate/fumarate unsaturation, the ratio depending on the oligomer molecular weight and the functionality of the polyisocyanate. High molecnlar weight results in a lower terminal in-chain unsaturation ratio, while a polyisocyanate fimctionality > 2 increases the ratio. A typical oligomer structure is shown in Structure 9.3 [13,14]. 

Sharma and Shah [46] reported that the surface tension of the SDS/alkyl alcohol aqueous solutions was minimum when the chain lengths of the surfactant and that of the alcohol were equal, e.g., for the SDS/CjzOH solutions. This was attributed to the tight packing of the molecules at the air-water interface. Patist et al. [47] reported similar results for SDS/alkyl trimethylammonium bromide/water systems. By the same token, C12 alkyl acrylates and methacrylate/SDS/water systems are expected to have a minimum surface tension and more solubilization of the monomer resulting in an increase in the one-phase region. The role of acrylates as cosurfactants has already been established in the case of hydroxy alkyl methacrylates [48]. 

Examples of homopolymers are given. Poly(4-vinylphenol) was prepared as a prepolymer for the subsequent alkylation [55]. Poly[2-(4-vinylbenzyl)hydroqui-none] 65 is an example of the unhindered phenolic antioxidant for rubbers. Many homopolymers bear a hindered phenolic moiety. Homopolymer 66 was proposed for blending with BR and IR [56]. Other examples are poly[vinyl-3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate] [57] (67), poly(3,5-di-/ert-butyl-4-hydroxy-benzyl methacrylate) [58] (68) or poly[iV-3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl) male-imide] [59] (69). Numerous polymeric antioxidants are functionalized with aromatic amine groups. Poly(4-anilinophenyi methacrylate) [53] (70) serves as an example. 

A very convenient method to obtain a macromer (structure 6.13) is by using an unsaturated isocyanate [50] or by using some accessible raw materials, by the reaction of a hydroxy alkyl acrylate or methacrylate with one -NCO group of a diisocyanate for example, 2,4 toluene diisocyanate (TDI) and to react the remaining -NCO group with the terminal hydroxyl group of a polyether polyol ... 

Poly(alkyl cyanoaaylate) Polydysine) derivatives Polydactic acid) Polydactide-co-glycolide) Poly(P-hydroxy butyrate) Ethyl cellulose Poly(alkyl methacrylate) Polydactic add) Polydactide-co-glycoUde) Poly(l -caprolactone) Cellulose acetate phthalate Poly(alkyl methacrylate) Ethyl cellulose Polydactic acid) Polydactide-co-glycolide) Albumin Casein Gelatin... 

Acetals result from oxidative coupling of alcohols with electron-poor terminal olefins followed by a second, redox-neutral addition of alcohol [11-13]. Acrylonitrile (41) is converted to 3,3-dimethoxypropionitrile (42), an intermediate in the industrial synthesis of thiamin (vitamin Bl), by use of an alkyl nitrite oxidant [57]. A stereoselective acetalization was performed with methacrylates 43 to yield 44 with variable de [58]. Rare examples of intermolecular acetalization with nonactivated olefins are observed with chelating allyl and homoallyl amines and thioethers (45, give acetals 46) [46]. As opposed to intermolecular acetalizations, the intramolecular variety do not require activated olefins, but a suitable spatial relationship of hydroxy groups and the alkene[13]. Thus, Wacker oxidation of enediol 47 gave bicyclic acetal 48 as a precursor of a fluorinated analogue of the pheromone fron-talin[59]. 

The photocoloration and photobleaching behaviors of vacuum-deposited and spin-coated poly(methyl methacrylate) films of 6-hydroxyBIPS, and of the 6-nitroBIPS having 1, 7, 12, and 18-carbon alkyl chains on the indoline N atom, were studied at 50K. The 6-hydroxy BIPS was photobleached both in deposited and cast... 

The initiation in ATRP may occur in one of two different ways. The common way to initiate is via the reaction of an activated (alkyl) halide with the transition-metal complex in its lower oxidation state. Typical examples would be the use of ethyl 2-bromoisobutyrate and a Cu(I) complex for the initiation of a methacrylate polymerization (62), or 1-phenylethyl chloride for the initiation of a styrene polymerization (14). In addition, there are initiators like 2,2,2-trichloro-ethanol (63) that appear to be very efficient, and that result in hydroxy-fimctional polymer chains. Percec and co-workers reported on the use of sulfonyl chlorides as universal initiators in ATRP (64). Also the use of di-, tri-, or multifimctional initiators is possible, which will result in polymers growing in two, three, or more directions. All these variations open up possibilities to well-defined architectures. 

Examples of B chains for 0/W emulsions are polystyrene, poly(methyl methacrylate), poly(propylene oxide) and alkyl poly(propylene oxide). For the A chain(s), poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) or poly(vinyl alcohol) are good examples. Eor W/O emulsions, PEO can form the B chain, whereas the A chain(s) could be poly(hydroxy stearic acid) (PHS), which is strongly solvated by most oils. 

Poly(methyl methacrylate-co-2-hydroxy-3-alkyl-3-allyl-4,4 -dimethoxy benzophenone) 885... 

N-alkyl-3-azetidinols, obtained from epidilorohydrin and a primary amine, have been polymerized to low-molecular-weight hydroxy-substituted polyamines. Transesterification of an azetidinol with methyl acrylate or methacrylate leads to the corresponding azetidinyl esters which can be polymerized or copolymetized with other vinyl monomers to produce reactive, cross-linkable polymers (Scheme 18). 

Some specific recent applications of the GC-MS technique to various types of polymers include the following PE [49,50], poly(l-octene) [51], poly(l-decene) [51], poly(l-dodecene) [51], 1-octene-l-decene-l-dodecene terpolymer [51], chlorinated polyethylene [52], polyolefins [53, 54], acrylic acid methacrylic acid copolymers [55], polyacrylates [56], styrene-butadiene and other rubbers [57-59], nitrile rubber [60], natural rubbers [61, 62], chlorinated natural rubber [63, 64], polychloroprene [65], PVC [66-68], silicones [69, 70], polycarbonates [71], styrene-isoprene copolymers [72], substituted PS [73], polypropylene carbonate [74], ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers [75], Nylon [76], polyisopropenyl cyclohexane a-methyl styrene copolymers [77], m-cresol-novolac epoxy resins [78], polymeric flame retardants [79], poly(4-N-alkyl styrenes) [80], polyvinyl pyrrolidone [81], vinyl pyrrolidone-methyl acryloxysilicone copolymers [82], polybutylcyanoacrylate [83], polysulfide copolymers [84], poly(diethyl-2-methacryloxy)ethyl phosphate [85], ethane-carbon monoxide copolymers [86], polyetherimide [87], bisphenol A [88], ethyl styrene [89], styrene-isoprene block copolymer [89], polyvinyl alcohol-co-vinyl acetate [90], epoxide thiol [91], maleic acid-propylene copolymer [92], P-hydroxy butyrate-P-hydroxy valerate copolymer [93], polycaprolactams [39,94], PS [95,96], polypyrrole [95,96], polyhydroxy alkanoates [97], poly(p-chloromethyl) styrene [81], polybenzooxazines and siloxy substituted polyoxadisila-pentanylenes [98,99] poly benzyl methacrylates [100], polyolefin blends after ageing in soil [101] and polystyrene peroxide [43]. 

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