Hydrostatic equipment

Agitators, worm conveyers, clutches, brakes, gear boxes, hydrostatic equipment, pneumatic equipment, belt drives, fans... 

An important safety feature on every modern rig is the blowout preventer (BOP). As discussed earlier on, one of the purposes of the drilling mud is to provide a hydrostatic head of fluid to counterbalance the pore pressure of fluids in permeable formations. However, for a variety of reasons (see section 3.6 Drilling Problems ) the well may kick , i.e. formation fluids may enter the wellbore, upsetting the balance of the system, pushing mud out of the hole, and exposing the upper part of the hole and equipment to the higher pressures of the deep subsurface. If left uncontrolled, this can lead to a blowout, a situation where formation fluids flow to the surface in an uncontrolled manner. 

Nonboiling Height Model This model applies the churn-turbulent assumptions to only a toppoi tiou of the fluid in the protected equipment. Below this portion, boiling does not occur and there is no liquid swell. The location of this nonboihng height is estimated from a balance of the hydrostatic effec ts and the recirculation effects. 

Operator training was planned to take place four months prior to the first heat-up. Half of the operators were to be on the payroll five months, and the other half for three months. As part of the training, each operator was to have spent four weeks in the plant inspecting construction, becoming familiar with the equipment, and helping with hydrostatic testing and internal cleaning. 

The word lest is quite broad in its definition, and many of the inspection steps in the course of the compressor manufacturing cycle can appropriately be called tests. An example would be the material tests. The API mechanical equipment standards, however, attempt to narrow the test definition. This chapter will discuss testing within these narrowed definitions. The first test defined in most API mechanical equipment standards is the hydrostatic test, and it will, therefore, be the first test covered in the chapter. 

In some cases where the ASME Code woidd not require pressure relief protection, the 1.5 Times Design Pressure Rule is apphcable. This rule is stated as follows Equipment may be considered to be adequately protected against overpressure from certain low-probability situations if the pressure does not exceed 1.5 times design pressure. This criterion has been selected since it generally does not exceed yield stress, and most Ukety would not occur more frequently than a hydrostatic test. Thus, it will protect against the possibility of a catastrophic failure. This rule is applied in special situations which have a low probability of occurrence but which cannot be completely ruled out. 

From this relatively simple test, therefore, it is possible to obtain complete flow data on the material as shown in Fig. 5.3. Note that shear rates similar to those experienced in processing equipment can be achieved. Variations in melt temperature and hypostatic pressure also have an effect on the shear and tensile viscosities of the melt. An increase in temperature causes a decrease in viscosity and an increase in hydrostatic pressure causes an increase in viscosity. Topically, for low density polyethlyene an increase in temperature of 40°C causes a vertical shift of the viscosity curve by a factor of about 3. Since the plastic will be subjected to a temperature rise when it is forced through the die, it is usually worthwhile to check (by means of Equation 5.64) whether or not this is signiflcant. Fig. 5.2 shows the effect of temperature on the viscosity of polypropylene. 

We see that the gradient of the density and that of the gravitational field are parallel to each other. This means that at each point the field g has a direction along which the maximal rate of a change of density occurs. The same result can be formulated differently. Inasmuch as the gradient of the density is normal to the surfaces where 5 is constant, we conclude that the level surfaces U = constant and 5 — constant have the same shape. For instance, if the density remains constant on the spheroidal surfaces, then the level surfaces of the potential of the gravitational field are also spheroidal. It is obvious that the surface of the fluid Earth is equip-otential otherwise there will be tangential component of the field g, which has to cause a motion of the fluid. But this contradicts the condition of the hydrostatic equilibrium. 

The interfacial area in the contactor, which is directly related to the solids hold-up, strongly influences the mass transfer rate. To maximise the overall mass-transfer rate per unit volume of equipment, a high solids hold-up is necessary. On the other hand, the solids hold-up also influences the pressure drop over the contactor. The pressure drop has a hydrostatic and a dynamic component, both of which rise with increased solids hold-up. Since the adsorbent consists of extremely small particles, fluid friction between liquid and solids may lead to a relatively high dynamic pressure drop. The hydrostatic pressure drop is attributable to the density difference between the suspension in the contact zone and in the liquid. 

Soil Column Tests. In the sand penetration test, a minimal amount of water was used. No consideration was given to the hydrostatic pressure which would occur in nature from a body of surface water. A new soil infiltration test was developed to take this into consideration. This test used a maximum amount of water (200 mL) on a minimum amount of treated soil (10 g) and was restricted only by the dimensions of the laboratory equipment. Our aim was to prepare an hydrophobe for soil which would support water over an extended period of time. Whereas water passed through soil treated with hydrophilic compounds within 8 hr, 2 weeks or more were required for penetration through an hydrophobe-treated soil. In the latter case the water level dropped 6 mm or less each day, showing that the cationic surfactant greatly hindered, but did not completely restrict the passage of water. The tests were usually terminated after 2 weeks, due to the large number of samples to be tested. 

In the following, we will present a selected choice of high-pressure cells developed for high-resolution NMR. We have divided the applications of high-pressure NMR into three sections. First, we will describe high pressure equipment used to study liquids under hydrostatic pressure up to 1000 MPa then, we present some special approaches used to study supercritical fluids which, besides moderate pressure, often need high temperatures. Finally, we discuss NMR cells to study solutions under gas pressure, a situation which is quite common in catalysis. 

Water sprays from monitor nozzles and hose lines can be used for vapor mitigation. Tests have been conducted in which monitor nozzles and hose lines have been used to create a chimney effect through which the gas is forced upward and dispersed at a high elevation (Beresford, 1981). Application techniques and flow rates are facility-, installation-, and material-specific. Careful planning, analyses, and testing should be conducted prior to deciding on the use of a mobile water spray as a proven means of mitigation. Preventive maintenance of this equipment is key to reliable operation. Hose lines, typically, are hydrostatically tested annually. Flow tests should also be conducted periodically. 

Syntactic Foam. Hollow glass, ceramic, or plastic spheres are dispersed in the reactive liquid system before it is cast. When the liquid is polymerized and cured, the hollow spheres make it a unicellular foam. The air bubbles in the cells make it low-density, low dielectric constant and loss, and very resistant to compressive forces such as hydrostatic head in deep-sea equipment. 

---