Hydrocarbon gels

One advantage of fracturing with hydrocarbon gels compared with water-based gels is that some formations may tend to imbibe large quantities of water, whereas others are water-sensitive and will swell if water is introduced. 

K. W. Smith and L. J. Persinski. Hydrocarbon gels useful in formation fracturing. Patent US 5417287, 1995. 

McKenzie, L.F. "Hydrocarbon Gels of Alumino Alkyl Acid Orthophosphates", SPE paper 9007, 1980 Fifth International Symposium on Oilfield and Geothermal Chemistry, Standford May 28-30. 

J. Winkler, USP 3460922 (1969) CA 71, 93351 (1969) claims a thixotropic-gelled flammable hydrocarbon compsn, containing powdered metals and/or AN, for use in flamethrowers, rocket fuel and napalm. The hydrocarbon gel is prepd by an in situ cross-linking of a polyurethane... 

These concentrated emulsions have been referred to by a number of different names in the literature, including high internal phase ratio emulsions (HIPREs) [1,3-7], gel-emulsions [8-14] and hydrocarbon gels [15,16], In this review, the term HIPE will be used throughout. 

Soderman et al. [8] gave an overview of NMR self diffusion studies of emulsion systems. They stated that a log-normal distribution function gives a better fit than a normal distribution. Several examples are given including margarine and hydrocarbon gel emulsions. 

Mix diisopropanolamine and methotrexate and stir with gelated hydrocarbon gel, whereby the ointment is obtained. Item 2 can be omitted. 

An ointment base containing 20 % hypromellose is often used in mouth pastes. The hypromellose, formulated in white soft paraffin, has the purpose of making the paste adhere to the mucosa. Even better adherence can be obtained by preparations in a hydrocarbon gel ointment (Plastibase ,... 

Soft paraffin behaves rheologically as a gel (plastic). In a physical sense it is described as a colloidal system (hydrocarbon gel) of long chains colloidally dispersed in shorter chains. 

Petit C, Pileni MP. Synthesis of cadmium sulfide in situ in reverse micelles and in hydrocarbon gels. J Phys Chem 1988 92 2282. 

Haering, G., Luisi, P.L. 1986. Hydrocarbon gels from water-in-oil microemulsions. J. Phys. Chem. 90, 5892-5895. 

Obviously then, any situation where an alkyl phosphoric add ester-hydrocarbon mixture is liquid or even partially liquid will lead to some measure of selective migration into the powder and therefore antifoam deactivation. Such situations could occur during periods of storage of the powder at elevated temperatures or when the antifoam is sprayed directly onto hot powder immediately after production from a spray-drying tower, as described by Curtis et al. [35]. The antifoam exemplified in this patent consisted of a mixture of a commercial (Cig-Cig) alkyl phosphoric acid monoester and a petroleum jelly, which is a hydrocarbon gel at ambient temperatures with a carbon number >25. Mixing petroleum jelly with the phosphoric acid monoester in the preferred ratio of 1 3 by weight produces an effective antifoam precursor with a drop melting point of 58°C. Curtis et al. [35] describe both full-plant scale... 

The projects discussed in Section 20.2 have been centred around the spectroscopic probing of the structure and dynamics of surfactant systems and lyotropic mesophases, in particular hydrocarbon gels. Three related investigations not yet discussed in detail due to limitations in space shall be briefly mentioned. These are the study of the conformation of surfactant molecules by surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy, the development of a lipophilic dye probe for surfactant systems, and an outlook onto a different class of reaction gels created by hydrolysis of metal alkoxide precursors. 

It is known that the supramolecular structure formed by the aluminium soaps relies upon hydrogen bonding between the molecule [15-16 and that rigid gels are only formed in non-polar organic solvents. It was realized therefore that the formation of aluminium soap/hydrocarbon gels would be susceptible to contamination by highly polar solvents. The extent of this disruption will also be discussed in this review. 

The experimental data revealed that soap based hydrocarbon gels are shear-thinning in nature, that is, there is a steady decrease in viscosity with increase in shear rates for all concentrations of the gelling agent indicating that there has been a change in the structure as a result of the shear stress. 

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