Spectroscopic probe

Nau s interpretation was later challenged by Romanova et al. who smdied the fluorescence and phosphorescence properties of biacetyl inside three hemicarcerands with different cavity sizes. Emission maxima experienced bathochromic shifts and increased in 

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Spectroscopic Probes of Cavitation Conditions. Determination of the temperatures reached ia a cavitating bubble has remained a difficult experimental problem. As a spectroscopic probe of the cavitation event, MBSL provides a solution. High resolution MBSL spectra from sUicone oU under Ar have been reported and analy2ed (7). The observed emission comes from excited state has been modeled with synthetic spectra as a... 

Thomas, D., 1987. Spectroscopic probes of muscle crossbridge rotation. Annual Review of Physiology 49 691 — 709. 

Once such effects had been noted, it became necessary to interpret the observed results and to classify the solvents. The earliest attempts at this were by Stobbe, who reviewed the effects of solvents on keto-enol tautomers [4]. Since then many attempts have been used to explain solvent effects, some based on observations of chemical reactions, others on physical properties of the solvents, and yet others on spectroscopic probes. All of these have their advantages and disadvantages and no one approach can be thought of as exclusively right . This review is organized by type of measurement, and the available information is then summarized at the end. 

The purpose of this paper Is 1) to describe the electrochemistry of ferrl-/ferro-cyanlde and the oxidation of ascorbic at an activated glassy carbon electrode which Is prepared by polishing the surface with alumina and followed only by thorough sonlcatlon 2) to describe experimental criteria used to bench-mark the presence of an activated electrode surface and 3) to present a preliminary description of the mechanism of the activation. The latter results from a synergistic Interpretation of the chemical, electrochemical and surface spectroscopic probes of the activated surface. Although the porous layer may be Important, Its role will be considered elsewhere. 

The development of hydrodynamic techniques which allow the direct measurement of interfacial fluxes and interfacial concentrations is likely to be a key trend of future work in this area. Suitable detectors for local interfacial or near-interfacial measurements include spectroscopic probes, such as total internal reflection fluorometry [88-90], surface second-harmonic generation [91], probe beam deflection [92], and spatially resolved UV-visible absorption spectroscopy [93]. Additionally, building on the ideas in MEMED, submicrometer or nanometer scale electrodes may prove to be relatively noninvasive probes of interfacial concentrations in other hydrodynamic systems. The construction and application of electrodes of this size is now becoming more widespread and general [94-96]. 

Using the spectroscopic technique previously described, Didenko et al., investigated the collapse temperature for rare gases in organic solvents (octanol and dodecane) with Cr(CO)6 as the spectroscopic probe [58]. They observed a trend in temperature consistent with that predicted based on differences in thermal... 

Despite the considerable amount of information that has been garnered from more traditional methods of study it is clearly desirable to be able to generate, spectroscopically characterize and follow the reaction kinetics of coordinatively unsaturated species in real time. Since desired timescales for reaction will typically be in the microsecond to sub-microsecond range, a system with a rapid time response will be required. Transient absorption systems employing a visible or UV probe which meet this criterion have been developed and have provided valuable information for metal carbonyl systems [14,15,27]. However, since metal carbonyls are extremely photolabile and their UV-visible absorption spectra are not very structure sensitive, the preferred choice for a spectroscopic probe is time resolved infrared spectroscopy. Unfortunately, infrared detectors are enormously less sensitive and significantly slower... 

Luminescence spectroscopy provides simple access to the splitting of the ground multiplet but this technique is not always accessible due to nonradiative decay and strong ligand absorptions as encountered, for example, in the [Ln(Pc)]-/0 systems. For these reasons, alternative spectroscopic tools should be available for magnetochemists. The use of INS as a spectroscopic probe for molecular magnetic systems has recently been reviewed by Guidi [36], Amoretti et al. [37]... 

Bigelow, D.J., and Inesi, G. (1991) Frequency-domain fluorescence spectroscopy resolves the location of maleimide-directed spectroscopic probes within the tertiary structure of the Ca-ATPase of sarcoplasmic reticulum. Biochemistry 30, 2113-2125. 

Self-assembly and nanotechnology are advancing rapidly, but the challenge still remains to develop a means of fabrication and manufacturing. The rapid developments in synthetic chemistry produce myriad new polymeric and composite materials. These advances are enhanced by progress in optical, micromechanical, and spectroscopic probes. The miniaturization and diversification of synthesis through biological or combinatorial approaches provide unprecedented... 

Varadaraj R, Branham KD, McCormick CL, Bock J (1994) Analysis of hydrophobi-cally associating copolymers utilizing spectroscopic probes and labels. In Dubin P, Bock J, Davis R, Schulz DN, Thies C (eds) Macromolecular complexes in chemistry and biology. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, p 15... 

In non-electrochemical heterogeneous catalysis, the interface between the catalyst and the gas phase can often be characterized using a wide variety of spectroscopic probes. Differences between reaction conditions and the UHV conditions used in many studies have been probed extensively 8 as have differences between polycrystalline and single-crystalline materials. Nevertheless, the adsorbate-substrate interactions can often be characterized in the absence of pressure effects. Therefore, UHY based surface science techniques are able to elucidate the surface structures and energetics of the heterogeneous catalysis of gas phase molecules. 

The spectroscopic probes to be examined in this section involve (a) ultraviolet spectroscopy and (b) vibrational spectroscopy. 

Spectroelectrochemical methods refer to spectroscopically probing nnique chemical species that are generated in situ during redox reactions at or near electrode... 

A derivative of Ru(phen), Ru(DIP)3 (DIP = 4,7-diphenyl 1,10-phenan-throline, Fig. 2) behaves similarly to Ru(phen)i [65,85] with a slightly better enantioselectivity, so that the A Ru(DIP)3 has been used as spectroscopic probe for Z-DNA. This enantioselective property has been applied with photo-reactive complexes, where the Ru(ll) center has been replaced by another metal ion such as Co(III) and Rh(III) (see further). 

The heme moiety provides de novo designed heme proteins with an intrinsic and spectroscopically rich probe. The interaction of the amide bonds of the peptide or protein with the heme macrocycle provides for an induced circular dichroism spectrum indicative of protein-cofactor interactions. The strong optical properties of the heme macrocycle also make it suitable for resonance Raman spectroscopy. Aside from the heme macrocycle, the encapsulated metal ion itself provides a spectroscopic probe into its electronic structure via EPR spectroscopy and electrochemistry. These spectroscopic and electrochemical tools provide a strong quantitative base for the detailed evaluation of the relative successes of de novo heme proteins. 

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