Poplar hybrid

Alternatively, short-rotation hybrid poplar and selected grasses can be multicropped on an energy plantation in the U.S. Northwest and harvested for conversion to Hquid transportation fuels and cogenerated power for on-site use in a centrally located conversion plant. The salable products are Hquid biofuels and surplus steam and electric power. This type of design may be especially useful for larger land-based systems. 

Hagerstown 202 hybrid poplar wastewater disposal site, energy use of wood plaimed... 

Reynold Metals Co. 91 hybrid poplar 6 captive energy use of wood planned... 

James River Corp. of Nevada 2975 hybrid poplar 6 captive for fiber and fuel for paper mills, larger plantings are planned... 

Hybrid poplars are able to transport and metabolize diverse xenobiotics ... 

Newman LA, SE Strand, N Choe, J Duffy, G Ekuan, M Ruiszai, BB Shurtleff, J Wilmoth, MP Gordon (1997) Uptake and biotransformation of trichloroethylene hy hybrid poplars. Environ Sci Technol 31 1062-1067. 

Hybrid poplars Populus deltoides x nigra) have attracted considerable interest since they are able to transport and metabolize—even though they do not generally degrade—diverse xenobiotics ... 

Thompson PL, LA Ramer, JL Schnoor (1998) Uptake and transformation of TNT by hybrid poplar trees. Environ Sci Technol 32 975-980. 

The use of hybrid poplar (Populus deltoides X P. nigra) has been examined in a few investigations at sites contaminated with creosote. There are several issues that complicate the interpretation of these results, including the physical state of the contaminants, the mechanism of uptake from the soil, and translocation and metabolism in the plants. These have seldom been addressed in studies of PAHs. 

Use of higher plants has attracted attention for the remediation of TCE-contaminated aquatic systems, and in particular the use of hybrid poplar (Newman et al. 1999). Although this was encouraged by the removal of labeled TCE to >90% using hybrid poplar under hydroponic conditions (Orchard et al. 2000), and the ability of hybrid poplar to metabolize TCE (Newman et al. 1997 Shang et al. 2001), there are additional considerations that must be evaluated to determine its general applicability. 

Orchard BJ, WJ Doucette, JK Chard, B Bugbee (2000) Uptake of trichloroethylene by hybrid poplar trees grown hydroponically in flow-through plant growth chambers. Environ Toxicol Chem 19 895-903. 

TCE residuals have been discovered in an unsaturated soil profile at a depth of 3 m. From lysimeter samples, the soil water concentration is approximately 100 mg/L. Long cuttings of hybrid poplar... 

Burken, J.G. and Schnoor, J.L., Predictive relationships for uptake of organic compounds following uptake by hybrid poplars, Environ. Sci. Technol., 32, 3379-3385, 1998. 

From the 323 MTBE treatment profiles, eight projects were identified where MTBE was treated using phytoremediation. These projects used various approaches, including hybrid poplar trees, Monterey pine, oak, eucalyptus, and engineered wetlands. 

However, some plants can accumulate more than 0.1% of Pb, Co, Cr, and more than 1% of Mn, Ni and Zn in the shoots. These accumulator plants are called hyperaccumulators. To date, there are approximately 400 known metal hyperaccumulator plants in the world (Baker and Walker, 1989). Thlaspi caerulescens, Alyssum murale, A. lesbiacum, A. tenium are Zn and Cd hyperaccumulators. Brassica juncea, a high-biomass plant, can accumulate Pb, Cr(III), Cd, Cu, Ni, Zn, Sr, B and Se. Thlaspi caerulescens accumulates Ni. Hybrid poplar trees are reported to phytoremediate Cd and As contaminated soils. A Chinese brake fem, Pteris vittata, is an As hyperaccumulator (Ma et al., 2001). 

Hansen EA (1993) Soil carbon sequestration beneath hybrid poplar plantations in the north central United States. Biomass Bioenergy 6 431-436... 

Pan, X., et al. Bioconversion of hybrid poplar to ethanol and co-products using an organosolv fractionation process optimization of process yields, Biotechnol. Bioeng., 2006, 94, 851. 

Other combinations of pollutants with ozone, PAN, or both may be important, but have received little study. Matsushima reported additive foliar effects on pinto bean and tomato from a mixture of sulfur dioxide and PAN and a less than additive effect on tomato from mixtures of ozone and nitrogen dioxide. Fujiwara reported a greater than additive effect on pea from a mixture of ozone and nitrogen dioxide. Kress and Kohut studied the response of hybrid poplar to ozone-PAN mixtures. Kress used sequential exposures and found a greater than additive effect after most exposures after others, he reported mixed responses. Kohut used simultaneous exposure and found all three responses in three replicates of a study. The reasons for these variations are unclear. 

Jensen, K. F., and L. S. Dochinger. Responses of hybrid poplar cuttings to chronic and acute levels of ozone. Environ. Pollut. 6 289-295. 1974. 

Kohut, R. J. Response of Hybrid Poplar to Simultaneous Exposure to Ozone and PAN. Center for Air Environment Studies Publ. 288-72. University Park Pennsylvania State University. 1972. 26 pp. 

I, 4-dioxane by hybrid poplars, in American Chemical Society - Division of Environmental Chemistry, Preprints of Extended Abstracts, 37(1) 197-199, 1997. 

As well as surplus existing biomass, there is in Canada marginal farmland of some 30 million hectares ( 2). A small portion of this (about 1/2 million hectares in Ontario, for example) is presently known to be suitable for cultivation of hybrid poplar energy plantations. 

InterTechnology Corp. (7) analyzed the energy plantation concept, in which fast growing plant species are cultivated for biomass yield. For a plantation of hybrid poplar, total capital and operating costs in an unspecified U.S. location - from clearing the land to delivering wood chips - require a total revenue per oven dry tonne of 15.25 (in early 1975 dollars)(Table III). This assumes a 15% after-tax return on equity. The estimate is based on a yield of 20.2 oven dry tonnes per hectare. For a yield of 9... 

Sustained average yields from hybrid poplar NE-388 in Central Pennsylvania, have reached 21.3 oven dry tonnes per hectare, with 0.37 square metres per plant, the first harvest after one year, followed by five harvests at two-year intervals ( 7). Table IV shows yield experience for hybrid cottonwood (from the poplar family) in Canadian and American locations (8a-8f). Anderson and Zsuffa ( ) conducted growth tests on 35 different hybrid poplar clones at Kemptville, Ontario. With 0.25 square metres per plant, and harvesting after 2 years, they obtained yields of 4.9 to 19.3 oven dry tonnes per hectare year, with an average of 10.3 for the 30 clones that survived. Research is continuing into factors required for maximum yield. 

We should also try to achieve economy of scale, which would reduce unit cost considerably. Based on plantation hybrid poplar ( 1), plants of 100 to 200 million gallons per year can be built -10 to 20 times as large as the example used in these calculations. This would reduce both capital and raw material costs. Perhaps we need to be bolder in our approach to design of ethanol from biomass. 

Lora, J.H., M.A.Sc. Thesis, University of Toronto, 1976 Lora, J.H. and Wayman, M., Fast Growing Hybrid Poplar A Renewable Source of Chemicals, Energy and Food, Forest Research Information Paper No. 102, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Toronto, 1978 Wayman, M. and Lora, J.H., Wood-fired Electricity Generation in Eastern Ontario, Royal Commission on Electric Power Planning, Toronto, Ontario, 1978 (including references to many recent symposia and studies). 

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