Infection humoral responses

Pritchard, D.I., Quinnell, R.J., Slater, A.F.G., McKean, P.G., Dale, D.D.S., Raiko, A. and Keymer, A. (1990) Epidemiology and immunology of Necator americanus infection in a community in Papua New Guinea humoral responses to excretory-secretory and cuticular collagen antigens. Parasitology 100, 317-326. 

IRIV adjuvance in hepatitis A vaccination has been demonstrated as enhancement of humoral responses (1). There are only few adjuvants licensed for human use and they predominantly enhance humoral immune responses (2-4). In view of chronic viral diseases, infections linked to intracellular pathogens, and cancer immunotherapy, there is a need for appropriate adjuvants that have the capability to enhance cellular immune responses, in particular cytotoxic T-cell (CTL) responses (4,5). Here, we addressed IRIV-elicited immune responses and IRIV capacity to enhance CTL responses. 

Four to eight weeks after HIV infection, antibody responses begin to develop they are predominantly directed against the circulating virus and some antibodies may destroy the virus-infected cells as well. However, the antibody response is unable to continue to neutralize HIV because of the rapid mutation of the virus. The development of the initial cellular and humoral response leads to a clearance of much of the viremia and a rebound of CD4+ cells. 

Although the net effect of HIV infection is immunodeficiency, the infection generally results in the increased activation of the immune response but the overall impact of this immune hyperactivity is negative. The activated CD4+ cells play a pivotal role in the replication of the virus this activation of CD4+ cells enhances the secretion of various cytokines, some of which contribute to muscle wasting. A superactive humoral response against HIV impairs the body s ability to mount antibody response against other pathogens, and the activation of immune response... 

An important distinction must be made between the humoral response to a pure, capsular polysaccharide, and to the same polysaccharide when it is an integral part of the bacterium. Thus, the immunity received on recovery from infection by encapsulated bacteria, in terms of the polysaccharide antigen, differs from that generated by purposeful immunization with purified capsular-polysaccharide vaccines. Fortunately, with the exception of infants, the polysaccharide vaccines still stimulate protective-antibody levels in humans, despite these differences. In infants, due to the immature nature of their immune systems, these polysaccharide vaccines are of only marginal benefit.7 Some insights into the nature of these different responses in humans can be found in studies on the cellular basis of the immune response to polysaccharides. However, for the purposes of this Chapter, it would be inappropriate to provide a lengthy description of this incompletely understood mechanism in-depth reviews of this burgeoning field of research can be referred to.144-147,162-166... 

HBV is not directly cytopathic instead liver injury is immune related, and T lymphocytes are important for both the host cellular and humoral responses. Recovery from acute HBV infection depends on both B-cell and T-ceU responses. B-cell-dependent antibodies are produced to presurface and surface antigens. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte response is mounted against multiple epitopes in the HBV envelope, nucleocapsid, and polymerase regions. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte-mediated lysis of infected hepatic cells occurs, resulting in liver injury. Immune clearance of virus is often accompanied by worsening liver disease, known as a flare. An extreme example of this is seen in fulminant hepatitis B, when there is often no evidence... 

Nevertheless, LAM has been studied often, as it is the most abundant surface carbohydrate of M. tuberculosis. The purified LAM-oligosacchar-ides, deprived of lipid-associated toxicity, and covalently linked to different proteins induce both cell-mediated and humoral responses in mice, rabbits and guinea-pigs. Immunized mice and guinea-pigs were protected against experimental infection with virulent tubercle bacilli to the same degree as immunization with the control live attenuated BCG... 

Pick RB. Lung humoral response to Pseudomonas species. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1989 8 29-34. 

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