Stimulation, mitogenic

Fassen, A.E., O Leary, J.J., Rodysill, K.J., Bergh, N., Hallgren, H.M. (1989). Diminished heat shock protein synthesis following mitogen stimulation of lymphocytes from aged donors. Exp. Cell. Res. 183,326-334. 

Blakley BR, Archer DL. 1982. Mitogen stimulation of lymphocytes exposed to lead. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 62 183-189. 

Jimenez, B., del Peso, L., Montaner, S., Esteve, P. and Lacal,J.C. (1995) Generation of phosphorylcholine as an essential event in the activation of Raf-1 and MAP-kinases in growth factors-induced mitogenic stimulation. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 57, 141—149. 

Gifford R, Schmidke J Cimetidine-induced augmentation of human lymphocyte blastogenesis comparison with levamisole in mitogen stimulation. Surg Forum 1979 30 113-115. 

The cell cycle is a key process that recurs in a periodic manner. Early cell cycles in amphibian embryos are driven by a mitotic oscillator. This oscillator produces the repetitive activation of the cyclin-dependent kinase cdkl, also known as cdc2 [131]. Cyclin synthesis is sufficient to drive repetitive cell division cycles in amphibian embryonic cells [132]. The period of these relatively simple cell cycles is of the order of 30 min. In somatic cells the cell cycle becomes longer, with durations of up to 24 h or more, owing to the presence of checkpoints that ensure that a cell cycle phase is properly completed before the cell progresses to the next phase. The cell cycle goes successively through the phases Gl, S (DNA replication), G2, and M (mitosis) before a new cycle starts in Gl. After mitosis cells can also enter a quiescent phase GO, from which they enter Gl under mitogenic stimulation. 

Eldridge SR, Goldsworthy TL, Popp JA. 1992. Mitogenic stimulation of hepatocellular proliferation in rodents following 1,4 dichlorobenzene administration. Carcinogenesis 13(3) 409-415. 

Currently there are few methods for specific investigation of immunotoxic effects, which are regarded as sufficiently validated for routine use (EC 2003). The plaque forming assay or the equivalent using the ELISA method (Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay) are recommended to identify altered T-cell-dependent humoral responses. Of particular value for hazard assessment are the so-called host resistance models, in which the clinical relevance of immunotoxicity can be evaluated. Other methods may also be of value to provide information on the mode of immunotoxic action, e.g., mitogen stimulation tests and leucocyte phenotyping. However, further work is needed on standardization and validation of these test methods. 

Albina, J. E., Abate, J. A., and Henry, W. L., Jr. (1991). Nitric oxide production is required for murine resident peritoneal macrophages to suppress mitogen-stimulated T cell proliferation Role of IFNy in the induction of the nitric oxide-synthesizing pathway. J. Immunol. 147, 144-148. 

Roos D, Loos JA (1970) Changes in the carbohydrate metabolism of mitogenically stimulated human peripheral lymphocytes. I. Stimulation by phytohaemagglutinin. Biochim Biophys Acta 222 565-582... 

Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers. No studies were located regarding immunological effects in humans after oral exposure to PBDEs. No effects on pokeweed mitogen-stimulated DNA proliferation or IgG immunoglobulin synthesis were found in human lymphocytes exposed to 2,2, 4,4 -tetraBDE or 2,2, 3,4,4 -pentaBDE in vitro (Femlof et al. 1997). 

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