Excretory-secretory

Wu, Z., Nagano, I. and Takahashi, Y. (1998) The detection of Trichinella with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers constructed using sequences of random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) or sequences of complementary DNA encoding excretory-secretory (E-S) glycoproteins. Parasitology 117, 173-183. 

Excretory/Secretory and Surface Glycoproteins of T. spiralis L1 Larvae... 

Mak, C.-H. and Ko, R.C. (1999) Characterization of endonuclease activity from excretory/secretory products of a parasitic nematode, TrichineUa spiralis. European foumal of Biochemistry 260, 477-481. 

Zarlenga, D.S. and Gamble, H.R. (1990) Molecular cloning and expression of an immunodominant 53-kDa excretory-secretory antigen from Trichinella spiralis muscle larvae. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 42, 165-174. 

Finally, several experiments indicate that excretory/secretory products (ESP), derived from newborn larvae or pepsin-HCl isolated mature muscle larvae, induce muscle cell basophilia (Blotna-Filipiak et al, 1998 Wranicz et al., 1998) or nuclear hypertrophy (Leung and Ko, 1997), respectively. Effects were observed in vivo and in vitro. Although correspondence of these general changes to biochemical or genomic characteristics of the infected cell and nuclei were not established, these observations may facilitate dissection of the parasite products that are responsible. 

Foster, N., Dean, E.J. and Lee, D.L. (1994) The effect of homogenates and excretory/secretory products of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis and of acetylcholinesterases on the amplitude and frequency of contraction of uninfected rat intestine in vitro. Parasitology 108, 453-459. 

Griffiths, G. and Pritchard, D.I. (1994) Purification and biochemical characterisation of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) from the excretory/secretory products of Trichostrongylus colubriformis. Parasitology 108, 579-586. 

Badley, J.E., Grieve, R.B., Bowman, D.D., Glickman, L.T. and Rockey,J.H. (1987) Analysis of Toxocara canis larval excretory-secretory antigens physicochemical characterization and antibody recognition. Journal of Parasitology 73, 593-600. 

Del Prete, G., De, C.M., Mastromauro, C., Biagiotti, R., Macchia, D., Falagiani, P., Ricci, M. and Romagnani, S. (1991) Purified protein derivative of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and excretory-secretory antigen(s) of Toxocara cams expand human T cells with stable and opposite (type 1 T helper or type 2 T helper) profile of cytokine production. Journal of Clinical Investigation 88, 346-350. 

Khoo, K.-H., Maizels, R.M., Page, A.P., Taylor, G.W., Rendell, N. and Dell, A. (1991) Characterisation of nematode glycoproteins the major Oglycans of Toxocara excretory secretory antigens are methylated trisaccharides. Glycobiology 1, 163-171. 

Maizels, R.M., de Savigny, D. and Ogilvie, B.M. (1984) Characterization of surface and excretory-secretory antigens of Toxocara canis infective larvae. Parasite Immunology 6, 23-37. 

Meghji, M. and Maizels, R.M. (1986) Biochemical properties of larval excretory-secretory (ES) glycoproteins of the parasitic nematode Toxocara canis. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 18, 155-170. 

Karanu, F.N., Rurangirwa, F.R., McGuire, T.C. and Jasmer, D.P. (1997b) Haemonchus contortus . inter- and intrageographic isolate heterogeneity of proteases in adult worm excretory-secretory products. Experimental Parasitology 86, 88-91. 

Britton, C., Canto, G.J., Urquhart, G.M. and Kennedy, M. (1993) Characterization of excretory-secretory products of adult Dictyocaulus viviparus and the antibody-response to them in infection and vaccination. Parasite Immunology 15,163-174. 

Harnett, W. and Parkhouse, R.M.E. (1995) Nature and function of parasite nematode surface and excretory-secretory antigens. In Sood, M.L. and Kapur, J. (eds) Perspectives in Nematode Physiology and Biochemistry. Narendra Publishing House, Delhi, pp. 207-242. 

Harnett, W., Houston, KM., Amess, R. and Worms, M.J. (1993) Acanthocheilonema viteae. phosphorylcholine is attached to the major excretory-secretory product via a N-linked glycan. Experimental Parasitology 77, 498-502. 

Haslam, S.M., Khoo, K-H., Houston, K.M., Harnett, W., Morris, H.R. and Dell, A. (1997) Characterisation of the phosphorylcholine-containing A-linked oligosaccharides in the excretory-secretory 62 kDa glycoprotein of Acanthocheilonema viteae. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 85, 53—66. 

Houston, K.M., Cushley, W.C. and Harnett, W. (1997) Studies on the site and mechanism of attachment of phosphorylcholine to a filarial excretory-secretory product. Journal of Biological Chemistry 272, 1527-1533. 

Else, K.J., Wakelin, D., Wassom, D.L. and Hauda, KM. (1990b) MHC-restricted antibody responses to Trichuris muris excretory/secretory (E/S) antigen. Parasite Immunology 12, 509-527. 

Pritchard, D.I., Quinnell, R.J., Slater, A.F.G., McKean, P.G., Dale, D.D.S., Raiko, A. and Keymer, A. (1990) Epidemiology and immunology of Necator americanus infection in a community in Papua New Guinea humoral responses to excretory-secretory and cuticular collagen antigens. Parasitology 100, 317-326. 

Harnett, W. and Harnett, M.M. (1993) Inhibition of murine B cell proliferation and down-regulation of protein kinase C levels by a phosphorylcholine-containing filarial excretory-secretory product. Journal of Immunology 151, 4829-4837. 

Harnett, W., Grainger, M., Kapil, A., Worms, M.J. and Parkhouse, R.M.E. (1989) Origin, kinetics of circulation and fate in vivo of the major excretory-secretory product of Acanthocheilonema viteae. Parasitology 99, 229-239. 

Wanni, N.O., Strote, G., Rubaale, T. and Brattig, N.W. (1997) Demonstration of immunoglobulin G antibodies against Onchocerca volvulus excretory-secretory antigens in different forms and stages of onchocerciasis. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 91, 226-230. 

Segura M. Su Z. Piccirillo C. Stevenson MM Impairment of dendritic cell function by excretory-secretory products a potential mechanism for nematode-induced immunosuppression. 

Coustau, C., Mitta, G., Dissous, C., Guillou, F., Galinier, R., Allienne, J.F. and Modat, S. (2003) Schistosoma mansoni and Echinostoma caproni excretory-secretory products differentially affect gene expression in Biomphalaria glabrata embryonic cells. Parasitology 127, 533-542. 

Loker, E.S., Cimino, D.F. and Hertel, L.A. (1992) Excretory-secretory products of Echinostoma paraensei sporocysts mediate interference with Biomphalaria glabrata hemocyte functions. Journal of Parasitology 78, 104-115. 

Proteomics in parasitic flatworms can be completed on intracellular fractions (e.g. microsomal or cytosol) or at the host-interface on excretory-secretory (ES) products. ES analysis can be completed during in vitro culture or in vivo by, for example, bile or gut content analysis. In all cases, a rapid and careful preparation is vital to prevent altered pro-teomic profiles due to stress responses (upreg-ulation of heat shock proteins) and action of proteases. Parasitic flatworms are best extracted from fresh host material, washed with a buffered saline solution at approximately the host s body temperature. In F. hepatica, for example, this will allow regurgitation of gut contents to remove digested material from, and removal of host material adherent to the outer surfaces of the parasite (Jefferies et al., 2001), both of which can subsequently complicate separation and identification. 

Andersen, J.S. and Mann, M. (2000) Functional genomics by mass spectrometry. FEBS Letters 480, 25-31. Barrett, J., Jefferies, J.R. and Brophy, P.M. (2000) Parasite proteomics. Parasitology Today 16, 400-403. Bernal, D., de la Rubia, J.E., Carrasco-Abad, A.M., Toledo, R., Mas-Coma, S. and Marcilla, A. (2004) Identification of enolase as a plasminogen-binding protein in excretory-secretory products of Fasciola hepatica. FEBS Letters 563, 203-206. 

Jefferies, J.R., Campbell, A.M., Van Rossum, A.J., Barrett, J. and Brophy, P.M. (2001) Proteomic analysis of Fasciola hepatica excretory-secretory products. Proteomics 1, 1128-1132. 

Sandeman, R.M. and Howell, M.J. (1981) Precipitating antibodies against excretory-secretory antigens of Fasciola hepatica in sheep serum. Veterinary Parasitology 9, 35 16. 

Yoshino, T.P., Lodes, M.J., Rege, A.A. and Chappell, C.L. (1993) Proteinase activity in miracidia, transformation excretory-secretory products, and primary sporocysts of Schistosoma mansoni. Journal of Parasitology 79, 23-31. 

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