Functional proteomics

University of Liverpool, Proteomics Functional Genomics Group r.beynon liv.ac.uk... 

Key Words Protein array biotinylation proteomics functional analysis surface capture p53 biotin carboxyl carrier protein fusion protein microarray DNA binding. 

General consensus has sub-divided proteomics into three main areas, Expression Proteomics, Functional Proteomics, and Structural Proteomics. Expression Proteomics (sometimes called differential-expression proteomics) involves the analysis of differential protein expression by protein... 

Paik T. Oral presentation at Proteomics Symposium, From Genome to Proteome— Functional Proteomics, Siena, Italy, September 2-5, 2002. 

Proteomics proteome functional predictions from primary structure. See Norin, M. 

Figure 22.1. Genomics is a science that evaluates the expression of transcribed genes (transcriptomics) from the inherited genome, translated proteins (proteomics), functionally active proteins, and the end products of metabolism, which are controlled by the functional proteins (metabolomics). See insert for color representation of this figure.

The term molecular medicine is defined as understanding disease at the molecular level. For example, the deficiency of factor VIII causes a bleeding disorder, Hemophilia A [3]. Given the accomplishments made in the area of human genome and the emergence of proteomics, functional proteins that have important therapeutic value have been developed, and more will be identified in the future. 

While the concept of a protein catalog undoubtedly existed, at least in the minds of some people, prior to the coining of the term proteome, the realization that protein-protein interactions were a dominant feature of proteome function was certainly considerably less clear. However, such is the case and the second part of the definition requires a detailed knowledge of all of these recognitive events, both stable and transient. The elucidation of these interactions and the underlying networks that they describe have been termed cell-mapping proteomics (Blackstock Weir, 1999). This in fact has been a quite productive area of proteomic research, as described below. 

InterPro http //www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro Proteome functional info... 

Gavin AC et al (2002) Functional organization of the yeast proteome by systematic analysis of protein complexes. Nature 415 141-147... 

Scientists are now trying to determine the primary sequence and functional role of every protein expressed in a living cell, known as its proteome. 

Proteomics, the measurement of the global changes in proteins produced as a result of gene expression, bridges the gap between genome sequence and cellular behaviour and takes into account the post-translational modifications that often result in the functional effect. It has the potential to determine the role of protein-protein complexes in the complex signalling cascades that... 

Concerning function integration, for example, micro-flow membrane reactors can exhibit similar process intensification, as shown already for their large-scale counterparts [75]. Separation columns for proteomics, immobilizing enzymes, utilize the large surface-to-volume ratios. Surface tension differences can guide and transport liquids selectively. 

Mass spectrometers measure the mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) of ions. They consist of an ionization source that converts molecules into gas-phase ions and a mass analyzer coupled to an ion detector to determine the m/z ratio of the ion (Yates III, 2000). A mass analyzer uses a physical property such as time-of-flight (TOF) to separate ions of a particular m/z value that then strike the detector (Fig. 2.3). The magnitude of the current that is produced at the detector as a function of time is used to determine the m/z value of the ion. While mass spectrometers have been used for many years for chemistry applications, it was the development of reproducible techniques to create ions of large molecules that made the method appropriate for proteomics. 

Post-translational modification of proteins plays a critical role in cellular function. For, example protein phosphorylation events control the majority of the signal transduction pathways in eukaryotic cells. Therefore, an important goal of proteomics is the identification of post-translational modifications. Proteins can undergo a wide range of post-translational modifications such as phosphorylation, glycosylation, sulphonation, palmitoylation and ADP-ribosylation. These modifications can play an essential role in the function of the protein and mass spectrometry has been used to characterize such modifications. 

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