Human exposure assessment

National Research Council, "Human exposure assessment for airborne pollutants advances and opportunities," National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 1991. 

P. J. Lioy, Human Exposure Assessment for Airborne Pollutants, National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.(1991). 

Because the significance of exposure has only been considered over the past few years, there is not as wide a selection of exposure models available as that for fate models. The latter have been applied for several decades to the calculation of ambient exposure levels compared with some standard values. Papers illustrative of human exposure assessments in this symposium include one on airborne pollutant exposure assessments by Anderson (2), a generic approach to estimating exposure in risk studies by Fiksel (5), and a derivation of pollutant limit values in soil or water based on acceptable doses to humans by Rosenblatt, Small and Kainz (6). 

Mass Emissions of Pollutants from E-Waste Processed in China and Human Exposure Assessment... 

Within the framework depicted in Figure 7.1, the content of risk assessment proposed by the committee is shown as comprising four analytic steps hazard identification, dose-response assessment, human exposure assessment, and a final, integrating step called risk characterization. These four terms and the activities they describe have come to be widely accepted within the risk assessment community, on... 

As soon as those responsible for identifying the critical hazards and their associated dose-response data have completed their work, it is time for some close collaboration with those who have been giving attention to the human exposure assessment. Step 3. This step is devoted to an evaluation of the exposure and consequent dose incurred by the populations of interest, and the routes (inhalation. 

A similar set of defaults could be described for the human exposure assessment step. As noted, the regulatory approach tends to target those members of the population who are at the high end of exposures, and in some cases regulators, and other risk assessors, engage in something close to what is known as a worst-case exposure analysis. Here are three simple examples. 

Considering the migration possibilities of such chemicals from their original products, complex studies were performed for classical plasticizers such as DEHP or DBP to evaluate the relevance of each pathway to human exposure assessments. Therefore, the total exposure of adults of such plasticizers was evaluated by quantifying the target substances in duplicate diet portions (collected daily over 7 consecutive days), and also by measuring indoor air and dust concentrations [129]. The results indicate that dietary exposure is the dominant... 

Silva MJ, Reidy JA, Preau JL Jr, Needham LL, Calafat AM (2006) Oxidative metabolites of diisononyl phthalate as biomarkers for human exposure assessment. Environ Health Perspect 114 1158-1161... 

A WHO/IPCS criteria document on human exposure assessment presents the concepts, rationale, and statistical and procedural methodologies for human exposure assessment, but does not give detailed guidance on technical issues regarding instrumental and laboratory methods (WHO/IPCS 2000). 

The EU Technical Guidance Document (TGD) for risk assessment of new and existing substances and biocides (EC 2003) contains guidance on exposure assessment (Chapter 2). The core principles of human exposure assessments according to the TGD are humans may be exposed to substances in the workplace (occupational exposure), from use of consumer products (consumer exposure),... 

The following core principles relate to human exposure assessments that need to be carried out for new substances, existing substances, and biocides ... 

WHO/IPCS. 2000. Human Exposure Assessment. Environmental Health Criteria 214. Geneva WHO. http // www.inchem.org/ documents / ehc/ehc / ehc214.htm... 

Clayton, C.A., Pellizzari, E.D., Whitmore, R.W. et al. (1999) National human exposure assessment survey (NHEXAS) distributions and associations of lead, arsenic and volatile organic compounds in EPA region 5. Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology, 9(5), 381-92. 

Semi-volatile organohalogen compounds, such as PBDEs, exist in the atmosphere in the gas-phase or associated with the particle-phase. The partitioning of compounds between these atmospheric phases is an important factor in their subsequent fate, transport, degradation, and human exposure assessment. Particle-to-gas partitioning is controlled largely by the physical properties of a compound, such as its vapor pressure and by the prevailing environmental conditions, such as the atmospheric temperature. As noted above, in the Strandberg et al. study, the samples were selected from days when the atmospheric temperature was 20 3 °C [42], At this temperature, the PBDEs were present in both the particle- and gas-phases, except for BDE-209, which was present only in the particle-phase. 

NHATS National Human Adipose Tissue Survey NHANES National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey NHEXAS National Human Exposure Assessment Survey NIEHS, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences... 

Burke, T.A., and K. Sexton. 1995. Integrating science and policy in a National Human Exposure Assessment Survey. J. Expo. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. 5(3) 283-296. 

EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 2005. Human Exposure Measurements National Human Exposure Assessment Survey (NHEXAS) [online]. Available http //www. epa.gov/heasd/edrb/nhexas.htm [accessed June 3, 2005]. 

The committee recommends the inclusion of a detailed and accurate exposure analysis for a subset of the biomonitored population in large-scale biomonitoring studies that includes analyses of environmental media in the residence and uses a survey instrument to obtain information on diet, consumer product use, occupational exposures, and other factors relevant to the chemical exposure pathways that are being examined. The exposure assessment can be patterned on protocols used in other exposure analyses, such as the National Human Exposure Assessment Survey (NHEXAS), the Minnesota Children s Pesticide Exposure Study, and Children s Total Exposure to Pesticides and Other Persistent Organic Pollutants. 

NHEXAS National Human Exposure Assessment Survey. 

Williams, W.P., Human Exposure to Pollutants Report on the Pilot Phase of the Human Exposure Assessment Locations Programme, United Nations Environment Programme, New York, 1992. 

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