Human seminal

Hudec T, Thean J, Kuehl D, Dougherty RC (1981) Tris(dichloropropyl)phosphate, a mutagenic flame-retardant - frequent occurence in human seminal plasma. Science 211 951-952... 

In 1935, von Eular demonstrated a substance present in the extracts of human seminal fluid, which caused contraction of the isolated intestine and uterine muscle. This substance was named as prostaglandin (PG) because of its probable origin from the prostate gland. In 1962, the structure of two prostaglandins namely PGEj PGF were elucidated and in 1964, PGE was biosynthesized. 

Williams, J., Gladen, B.C., Turner, T.W, Sclirader, S.M. Chapin, R.E. (1991) The effects of ethylene dibromide on semen quality and fertility in the rabbit evaluation of a model for human seminal characteristics. Fundam. appl. Toxicol.. 16, 687-700... 

As early as 1930, it was recognized that seminal fluid contains materials that promote contraction of uterine muscles. The active compounds, the prostaglandins, were isolated and crystallized in 1960 and were identified shortly thereafter.257 258 As many as 14 closely related compounds are found in human seminal fluid, one of the richest known sources. Prostaglandins are present in seminal fluid at a total concentration of 1 mM, but their action on smooth muscles has been observed at a concentration as low as 10 9 M. 

Huang, K., et al. 1997. Alanyl aminopeptidase from human seminal plasma Purification, characterization, and immunohistochemical localization in the male genital tract. J Biochem Tokyo) 122 779. 

Lycopene and its oxidation products are present in human milk and other body fluids (Khachik et al., 1997). Human seminal plasma also contains lycopene and its levels were lower in immunoinfertile men compared to normal individuals (Palan and Naz, 1996). Although the plasma or serum levels of lycopene are used commonly to assess its bioavailability, adipose tissue has been suggested as a better tissue for the assessment of body lycopene status (Kohlmeier et al., 1997). 

Alieva, R., Scararmucci, A., Mantero, F., Bompadre, S., Leoni, L., and Littarru, G.P. 1997. The protective role of ubiquinol-10 against formation of lipid hydroperoxides in human seminal fluid. 

Palan, P. andNaz, R. 1996. Changes in various antioxidant levels in human seminal plasma related to immunofertility. Arch. Androl. 36, 139-143. 

Deperthes D, Frenette G, Brillard-Bourdet M, et al. Potential involvement of kallikrein hK2 in the hydrolysis of the human seminal vesicle proteins after ejaculation. J Androl... 

Rhemrev et al. (RIM) measured TAC of human seminal plasma by ABTS + decoloration at 37°C and distinguished fast TRAP (decolorization measured 10 sec after addition of the sample) and slow TRAP (decolorization measured between 10 and 300 sec after addition of the sample). One of the compounds contributing to the slow TRAP is tyrosine, present in seminal plasma at high concentrations (Table 5). Another contributor to the slow TRAP is hypotaurine, but the contribution of tyrosine is more important due to its higher concentration in seminal plasma (2.12 mM vs. 36 /rM) (R14, V8). 

The contribution of lipophilic antioxidants is small. Escobar et al. (E5) found that the TAC of lipophilic antoxidants in blood plasma was 16.5 1.5 pM and corresponded almost exclusively to a-tocopherol the concentration of this compound in the blood plasma, analyzed independently, was 17.6 0.3 pM. Popov and Lewin (PI9) found TAC of lipid-soluble antioxidants in blood plasma to be 28.0 8.1 /u.M, a value comparable with the concentration of a-tocopherol (20.5 6.6 /U.M). These (and other) results confirm that a-tocopherol is the main lipid-soluble antioxidant of blood plasma (II) and indicates that the contribution of the lipid-soluble antioxidants to TAC of blood plasma is in fact negligible, taking into account that TAC of human blood plasma is of the order of 1 mM (see later). The contribution of ascorbic acid is also low. This situation may differ considerably in other biological fluids and tissue homogenates. In seminal plasma, the concentration ratio of ascorbate to urate is about 1 (G3). Ascorbate and urate contribute 29% of the fast TRAP of human seminal plasma the share of proteins and polyphenolic compounds is 57%, whereas tyrosine contributes 15% of the slow TRAP (R14) (Table 7). Ascorbate and uric acid account for about half of TAC of human tears (K3). TAC of urine is determined mainly by urate and proteins (K5). 

Contribution of Plasma Components to the Fast TRAP and Slow TRAP of Human Seminal Plasma ... 

Fast TRAP assay of human seminal plasma was a good predictor of pregnancy after in vitro fertilization semen with a fast TRAP <1.14 mmol/L did not result in any pregnancies (R13). 

J5. Jozwik, M., Jozwik, M., Kuczynski, W., and Szamatowicz, M., Nonenzymatic antioxidant activity of human seminal plasma. Fertil. Steril. 68, 154-157 (1997). 

Leithoff, H. and I. Leithoff The demonstration of blood proteins in human seminal plasma by immunoelectrophoresis. Med. Welt 1137 (1961). 

SLPI is also known as antileukoprotease, human seminal proteinase inhibitor, bronchial leukocyte proteinase inhibitor and mucus proteinase inhibitor. 

As long ago as 1935, Kutscher and Wolbergs (K12) observed that semen and the prostate are among the richest sources of acid phosphatase in the human body. In a more recent survey (Bll) the acid phosphatase activities of seminal plasma in various species, determined as milligrams of nitrophenol liberated by 100 ml seminal plasma from 0.006 M p-nitrophenyl phosphate, in 60 minutes at 37°C and pH 4.9 were human, 274,000 cock, 15,000 turkey, 4000 bull, 570 rabbit 85. Human seminal plasma is made up by the secretory fluids produced in the epididymides, vasa deferentia, ampullae, seminal vesicles, the prostate and the bulbourethral (Cowper s) and urethral (Littre s) glands (M4). The semen contains many particulate bodies. Best known, of course, are the spermatozoa, which are formed in the seminiferous... 

Williams DM. Copper deficiency in humans. Semin Hematol 1983 20(2) 118-28. 

Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (E.C. 3.4.14.5) cleaves off N-terminal dipeptides from peptides when a proline or alanine is at the penultimate position. The enzyme was purified from human seminal plasma and prostasomes by a two-step scheme of ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sepharose, followed by affinity chromatography on adenosine deaminase (E.C. 3.5.4.4)-Sepharose [7]. This scheme resulted in a pure, native protein with an overall yield ranging from 35% to 55%. The preparation obtained was free of contaminating aminopeptidase activity. 

PSA exists in two major forms in blood circulation. The majority of PSA is complexed with protease inhibitor ai-antichyraotrypsin (ACT) (MW 100,000) or with a2-macroglobulin (AMG) and a minor component of free PSA (MW 28,430). Most immunoassays measure both free and ACT-compIexed PSA but not AMG-PSA. In human seminal fluid, PSA could be fractionated into five isoforms. PSA-A and PSA-B are active, intact enzymes capable of forming complexation with ACT. PSA-C, PSA-D, and PSA-E are nicked forms with disulfide bonds cleaved they possess low or no enzymatic activities. The inactive forms of free PSA are composed of three distinct molecular forms— bPSA, pPSA, and iPSA. bPSA in tissue is relatively localized in the transition zone of the prostate and contributes to fPSA in BPH serum. pPSA is localized in the peripheral zone of the prostate and contributes to fPSA in cancer serum. 

Kara M, ECoyanagi Y, Inoue T, Fukuyana T. Some physico-chemical characteristics of gammasemino-protein An antigenic component specific for human seminal plasma. Jpn J Leg Med 1971 25 322-24. 

Zhang WM, Leinonen J, Kalkkinen N> et al. Purification and characterization of different molecular forms of prostate specific antigen in human seminal fluid. Clin Chem 1995 41 1567-73. 

Cross, N.L. (1996). Human seminal plasma prevents sperm from becoming acrosomally responsive to the agonist, progesterone Cholesterol is the major inhibitor. Biol. Reprod. 54 138-145. 

Human seminal transferrin. Human seminal transferrin (MM 80kDa) contains 6.1% sugars. The primary structure of the major N-linked glycan is identical to that of the serotransferrin diantennary glycan of Fig. 6A [247]. 

Prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) PASE/4LJ 52-kD human prostatic acid phosphatase Purified prostatic acid phosphatase from human seminal plasma Ventana NA HIER... 

Apostoli P, Porru S, Morandi C, et al. 1997. Multiple determination of elements in human seminal plasma and spermatozoa. J Trace Elem Med Biol 11 182-184. 

Cl. Caldini, A. L., Orlando, C., Barni, T., Messeri, G., Pazzagli, M., Baldi, E., and Serio, M., Measurement of transferrin in human seminal plasma by a chemiluminescent method. Clin. Chem. (Winston-Salem, N.C.) 32, 153-156 (1986). 

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