Human cognitive reliability

HCR Human Cognitive Reliability model EPRIRP-2I70-3, 1984... 

Hannaman, G.W., Spuigin, A.J., Lukic, Y.D. 1984. Human cognitive reliability model for PRA analysis. In draft report NUS-4531, EPRI Project RP2170-3. 

HCR Human cognitive reliability (operator reliability experiments, ORE). These are actually developed to quantify post-initiator human actions (e.g., actions performed by control room crews associated with emergency and abnormal operating procedures). These were meant for nuclear applications. 

Ppopi—the probability of correct operation of the operator TO with regard to knowledge and experience in project implementation time regimes (Fig. 6) determined on the basis of the method of HCR Human Cognitive Reliability, Hannaman i in.) ... 

Marseguerra M., Zio E. T ibrizzi M., 2006, Quantitative developments in the cognitive reliability and error analysis method (CREAM) for the assessment of human performance,/Innafa of Nuclear Energy 33(10) 894-910. 

CREAM Cognitive reliability and error analysis method. In CREAM, the operator model is more significant and less simplistic than that of first generation approaches. It can be used both for performance prediction as well as accident analysis. CREAM is used for evaluation of the probability of a human error for completion of a specific task. There is good application of fuzzy logic in this method. It was again started for nuclear application but has wider applications, too. 

HoUnagel, E., Cognitive Reliability and Error Analysis CREAM. Elsevier, Oxford (1998). A book drawing on human factors work in the m or hazards industry, with a clear structure and excellent referencing. 

Taxonomy-based HEI techniques use external error mode (EEM) taxonomies to identify potential errors within complex sociotechnical systems. Typically, EEMs are considered for each component step in a particular task or scenario to determine credible errors that may arise during human-machine interaction. Techniques such as the Systematic Human Error Reduction and Prediction Approach (SHERPA) (Embrey, 1986), the Human Error Template (HET) (Stanton et al., 2006), the Technique for the Retrospective and Predictive Analysis of Cognitive Errors (TRACEr) (Shorrock and Kirwan, 2002), and the Cognitive Reliability and Error Analysis Method (CREAM) (Hollnagel, 1998) all use domain-specific EEM taxonomies. Taxonomic approaches to HEI are typically the most successful in terms of sensitivity and are also the least expensive, quickest, and easiest to use however,... 

The quote by Charles Perrow is from his seminal book Normal Accidents, published in 1984 (New York Basic Books). The many scientific and practical issues with human error have been discussed in Hollnagel, E. (1998), Cognitive Reliability and Error Analysis Method, Oxford Elsevier Science Ltd. The definition of just culture can be found at the skybrary (http //www.skybrary. aero), an excellent source of aviation safety knowledge that is also of considerable general interest. 

Since human errors consist the almost portion of causal factors of incidents in the target domain, the system provides the supports based on the Common Performance Conditions (CPCs), which is the description framework for the context of human performance adopted in the Cognitive Reliability and Error Analysis Method (CREAM) (Hollnagel 1998). 

Embrey, D., Blackett, C., Marsden, P., Peachey, X, 2006. Development of a Human Cognitive Workload Assessment Tool, Human Reliability Associates. 

Second generation methods which were first applied in 1990, are based on a cognitive model that is more appropriate to explain human behavior. The focus shifted to the cognitive aspects of humans, the causes of errors rather than their frequency, the study of the interaction of the factors that increase the probability of error, and the interdependencies of the PSF (Fehce Petrillo, 2011). The most representative tools are Standardized Plant Analysis Risk-Human reliability analysis method (SPAR-H), German et al. (2005) A Technique for Human Error ANAlysis (ATHEANA), NUREG-1624 (2000) as well as Cognitive Reliability and Error Analysis Method (CREAM), Hollnagel (1998). 

In the process of risk and human reliability assessment, there are various methods to be used, such as Cognitive Reliability and Error Analysis Model (CREAM), A Technique for Human Error Analysis (ATHENA), and Technique for Human Error Rate Prediction (THERP). 

Advocates of the global approach would argue that human activities are essentially goal-directed (the cognitive view expressed in Chapter 2), and that this cannot be captured by a simple decomposition of a task into its elements. They also state that if an intention is correct (on the basis of an appropriate diagnosis of a situation), then errors of omission in skill-based actions are imlikely, because feedback will constantly provide a comparison between the expected and actual results of the task. From this perspective, the focus would be on the reliability of the cognitive rather than the action elements of the task. 

Kantowitz, B. H., Fujita, Y. (1990). Cognitive Theory, Identifiabihty and Human Reliability Analysis. Journal of Reliability Engineering and System Safety 29,317-328. 

Kontogiarmis, T., Lucas, D. (1990). "Operator Performance Under High Stress An Evaluation of Cognitive Modes, Case Studies and Coimtermeasures." Report No. R90/03 prepared for the Nuclear Power Engineering Test Center, Tokyo. Human Reliability Associates, Dalton, Wigan, Lancashire, UK. 

Work redesign to manage cognitive workload and increase human reliability... 

Multiple-resource workload theory is implemented in a task model in a fairly straightforward matmer. First, each task in the task network is characterized by the workload demand reqitired in each human resource, often referred to as a workload channel. Examples of commonly used channels include auditory, visual, cognitive, and psychomotor. Particular implementations of the theory vary in the channels that are included and the fidelity with which each chatmel is measured (high, medium, low vs. seven-point scale). In fact, Bierbaum et al. 1989 present reliable benchmark scales for determining demand for each channel. As an example, the scale for visual demand is presented in Figure 13. 

In practice, based on empirical data acquired from the industry and scientific research, the human reliability at SIL 3 and 4 is impossible to achieve due to not only technological limitations but also cognitive constraints of human - operator. Further studies concerning this issue would be required. 

Hollnagel E. 2005. Human Reliability Assessment in Context. Cognitive Systems Engineering Laboratory, Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Linkoping, Sweden. 

Along with increasing air traffic demands in the near future, we can predict that burdens on Air Traffic Control (ATC) will also increase. Prevention of human errors in ATC is therefore becoming a key issue for safe and reliable air transportation. In this situation, cognitive aspects of ATC have not yet been studied sufficiently and no consistent measures for performance assessment of ATC have been established, either. 

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