Cognitive theories

Kantowitz, B. H., Fujita, Y. (1990). Cognitive Theory, Identifiabihty and Human Reliability Analysis. Journal of Reliability Engineering and System Safety 29,317-328. 

Mayer, R. (2002). Cognitive theory and the design of multimedia instruction New Directions for Teaching and Learning, 89, 55-71. 

The nature of these challenges suggests that practical work, alhed to a suitable use of cognitive theory and philosophy of science, may be helpful in meeting them. Although practical work by students may have mat r purposes (Bennett, 2003), its educational value in general is too often hindered by confusion, in respect of any specific practical activity, about which of these purposes is being addressed (Hodson, 1990). Inevitably, the development of the skills of visualisation would be hindered, rather than helped, by practical work for which the purpose was not clear to the students. 

In 1976, Aaron Beck, a psychiatrist at the University of Pennsylvania, proposed a cognitive theory of emotions and emotional disorders - a theory that was to become the foundation for cognitive behavioural therapy for depression. According to Beck, fear is produced by the anticipation of harm, joy by the expectancy of positive events, and sadness by the sense that something important has for ever been lost. As a consequence, overcoming fear and depression requires changing the beliefs that have produced them. 

Oatley, K., and Bolton, W. (1985). A social-cognitive theory of depression in reaction to life events. Psychological Review, 92, 372-388. 

Stenning, K., and Oberlander, J. (1995). A cognitive theory of graphical and linguistic reasoning logic and implementation. Cognitive Science, 19, 97-140. 

Arnold, J. E. M. and Ruiz-Perez, M. (2001). Can non-timber forest products match tropical forest conservation and development objectives , Ecological Economics, 39 437- 447. Bandura, A. (1988). Organizational Application of Social Cognitive Theory. Australian Journal of Management, 13 (2), 275-302. 

These five issues provide a useful yardstick against which the theory can be measured repeatedly as it continues to evolve. At this juncture, of course, neither schema theory nor any other cognitive theory is yet sufficiently developed to explicate them fully. However, schema theory does have something to contribute to each of them, and more importantly, it generates hypotheses about these issues that may be empirically tested and that have the potential of contributing to further theoretical advances. 

While such an activated schema may prove to be beneficial in police work, cognitive theory asserts that such extreme negative schemas will pervade all aspects of one s life. Therefore, police officers may find themselves becoming suspicious of others motives, inappropriately and irrationally. This may... 

Cognitive theories of PTSD have merely described how certain cognitions may be affected by a traumatic experience, or have generally reported on the role of rigid or extreme core schemas in predisposition to developing PTSD. The above appears to be one of the first analyses of specific core maladaptive schemas implicated in PTSD. 

Dalgleish, T. (1999). Cognitive theories of post-traumatic stress disorder. In W. Yule (ed) Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders Concepts and Therapy. Chichester, UK Wiley. 

The expected utility models considered in this section can also be critiqued from the perspective of the cognitive theories discussed in chapter 5. 

Bandura, A, (1986). Social foundations of thought and action A social cognitive theory. 

Finke, R. A., T. B. Ward, and S. M. Smith. Creative Cognition Theory, Research, and Applications. Cambridge, MA MIT Press, 1992. 

Other key ideas within the cognitive theories that are often employed within social research are those of values, attitudes and beliefs (Baron et a/. 2006). These elements are often seen as the basic criteria of many social phenomena, including the highly complex concept of culture, although it is attitudes, the inherent disposition to respond favourably or unfavourably to an object/person/ event (Aronson et a/. 2007), that are most frequently used, due to their accessibility through tools such as questionnaires or observed behaviours (Ajzen 2005). In construction, safety management often draws on this way of thinking in the use of safety climate surveys. 

Consequently, I started at Plato and carried on. I discovered cognitive theories and became very excited, I applied this thinking to risk taking on sites, and it kind of worked, but didn t really tell me anything that had not been found out before. And as I kept investigating, I found that maybe this approach couldn t answer all the questions in terms of my experience. It couldn t predict or explain everything that was common in terms of the uncommon found on sites, and when it tried it tied itself in paradoxical knots. I kept... 

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